U21 Rankings
This page allows you to compare both the overall ranking and also the individual measures of data taken from all countries involved in the U21 Ranking of National Higher Education Systems between 2012 and 2020.
Click on a country name to find a short overview of the findings for each of the 50 countries assessed in the 2020 report.
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- Year
- 2020
Overall
Rank Country Score 1 United States 100.0 2 Switzerland 90.1 3 Denmark 85.7 4 Singapore 84.5 5 Sweden 84.3 6 United Kingdom 83.6 7 Canada 83.2 8 Finland 82.8 9 Australia 82.2 10 Netherlands 81.6 11 Norway 80.5 12 Austria 79.3 13 Belgium 75.6 14 New Zealand 72.7 14 Hong Kong SAR 72.7 16 Germany 70.5 17 France 68.6 18 Israel 67.4 19 Ireland 66.0 20 Japan 61.9 21 Taiwan-China 60.5 22 Saudi Arabia 59.3 23 Spain 58.6 24 Korea 58.0 25 Portugal 57.6 26 China 56.8 27 Malaysia 56.1 28 Slovenia 55.4 29 Czech Republic 54.8 30 Italy 54.5 31 Chile 54.3 32 Poland 52.6 33 Hungary 51.3 34 South Africa 49.7 35 Russia 49.1 36 Ukraine 47.8 37 Greece 47.4 38 Slovakia 47.2 39 Turkey 46.3 40 Argentina 46.0 41 Brazil 45.6 42 Serbia 44.2 43 Croatia 43.6 44 Romania 43.0 45 Bulgaria 42.7 46 Thailand 42.3 47 Iran 42.2 48 Mexico 41.7 49 India 39.6 50 Indonesia 35.0 Connectivity
Rank Country Score 1 Switzerland 100.0 2 Austria 94.1 3 Singapore 85.9 4 United Kingdom 85.4 5 Netherlands 85.3 6 Denmark 84.0 7 Finland 83.3 8 Sweden 82.4 9 Canada 80.1 10 New Zealand 79.3 11 Ireland 77.2 12 Australia 76.8 13 United States 76.2 14 Belgium 75.3 14 Germany 72.9 16 Norway 71.2 17 France 67.3 18 Hungary 65.6 19 Hong Kong SAR 63.7 20 Israel 61.0 21 Czech Republic 59.7 22 Portugal 57.0 23 Slovenia 55.0 24 Taiwan-China 54.3 25 Greece 53.7 26 Saudi Arabia 53.2 27 Italy 52.1 28 Japan 50.5 29 Spain 50.2 30 Slovakia 48.4 31 Malaysia 46.6 32 Chile 45.5 33 Korea 44.8 34 South Africa 42.6 35 Bulgaria 42.5 36 Thailand 41.9 37 Poland 40.6 38 Ukraine 40.4 39 Serbia 39.4 40 Croatia 38.0 41 Romania 36.5 42 Argentina 34.4 43 China 34.3 44 Indonesia 32.0 45 Mexico 31.8 46 Russia 29.9 47 Brazil 28.6 48 Turkey 28.5 49 India 25.5 50 Iran 25.0 Environment
Rank Country Score 1 United States 100.0 2 Australia 96.0 3 New Zealand 93.8 4 Hong Kong SAR 93.0 5 Finland 91.5 6 United Kingdom 89.8 7 Singapore 88.6 8 Netherlands 88.0 9 Malaysia 86.9 10 Belgium 85.3 11 Taiwan-China 85.2 12 Switzerland 83.9 13 Canada 83.4 14 Sweden 82.9 15 Ireland 82.2 16 Japan 81.8 17 Poland 81.6 18 China 81.3 19 Norway 81.2 20 Israel 80.8 21 Chile 79.9 22 France 79.7 23 South Africa 79.3 24 Denmark 79.2 25 Mexico 78.7 26 Austria 78.5 27 Thailand 77.4 28 Germany 77.1 29 Russia 77.0 30 Indonesia 75.8 31 Romania 75.7 32 Spain 75.4 33 Czech Republic 74.5 34 Portugal 74.1 35 Slovenia 73.5 36 Argentina 73.2 37 India 71.5 38 Italy 71.1 39 Ukraine 70.6 40 Slovakia 69.2 41 Iran 67.4 42 Brazil 67.0 43 Bulgaria 66.0 44 Korea 65.9 45 Saudi Arabia 65.1 46 Hungary 62.1 47 Croatia 61.0 48 Turkey 60.2 49 Serbia 59.2 50 Greece 48.0 Output
Rank Country Score 1 United States 100.0 2 United Kingdom 72.9 3 Australia 67.8 4 Denmark 67.8 5 Switzerland 67.5 6 Sweden 65.1 7 Canada 64.1 8 Netherlands 62.4 9 Finland 60.9 10 Norway 59.9 11 Singapore 59.0 12 Belgium 57.3 13 Israel 56.8 14 Germany 55.1 15 Hong Kong SAR 53.2 16 China 52.3 17 Austria 52.0 18 France 51.9 18 Korea 51.8 20 Ireland 51.7 21 New Zealand 51.2 22 Japan 50.1 23 Spain 47.3 24 Taiwan-China 45.1 25 Italy 43.9 26 Greece 42.3 27 Slovenia 41.5 28 Portugal 41.2 29 Russia 41.1 30 Czech Republic 37.9 31 Poland 36.3 32 Hungary 34.6 33 Saudi Arabia 33.5 34 Chile 31.6 35 South Africa 31.1 36 Argentina 30.4 37 Croatia 30.1 38 Slovakia 29.8 39 Turkey 29.5 40 Brazil 29.3 41 Iran 29.1 42 Ukraine 28.7 43 Bulgaria 28.4 44 Serbia 28.3 44 Malaysia 27.6 46 Romania 24.6 47 Thailand 22.7 47 India 21.0 49 Mexico 19.5 50 Indonesia 16.5 Resources
Rank Country Score 1 Norway 100.0 2 Singapore 98.2 3 Switzerland 97.9 4 Denmark 97.6 5 Sweden 94.2 6 Canada 93.0 7 Austria 89.9 8 Saudi Arabia 88.9 9 Finland 86.3 10 United States 86.2 11 Netherlands 79.3 12 Belgium 74.4 13 Hong Kong SAR 72.9 14 Australia 71.8 15 Malaysia 71.0 16 France 66.5 17 Turkey 66.3 18 Germany 65.7 19 United Kingdom 65.5 20 Chile 62.3 21 New Zealand 60.5 22 Brazil 56.6 22 Israel 56.3 24 Japan 53.9 25 Korea 53.9 25 Portugal 53.1 27 Ukraine 52.6 28 Spain 50.8 29 Taiwan-China 50.2 30 Serbia 49.1 31 Poland 48.6 32 South Africa 45.5 33 Iran 44.5 34 Slovenia 44.4 35 India 44.1 36 Argentina 44.0 37 Czech Republic 43.4 38 Mexico 43.2 39 Ireland 42.3 40 China 42.2 41 Croatia 42.2 42 Italy 41.2 43 Slovakia 41.2 44 Hungary 40.4 45 Russia 37.7 46 Romania 37.3 47 Greece 32.9 48 Bulgaria 32.1 49 Thailand 30.8 50 Indonesia 21.1 Descriptions
Country Description Argentina Argentina ranks equal 40th overall, which combines ranks of 36 in Resources, 36 in Environment, 42 in Connectivity and 36 in Output. In the Resources category, the level of government expenditure on higher education as a share of GDP is ranked at 14 but total expenditure per student is ranked much lower at 45. The difference is explained by the high enrolment rate, ranked at five. Research expenditure by tertiary institutions as a share of GDP is ranked 40th. In links with the private sector, Argentina is ranked 38th for knowledge transfer and 46th for articles written jointly with researchers from industry. Both published articles per head and their average impact are ranked 45th. The quality of its best three universities is ranked 36th. When the rankings are adjusted for differences in GDP per capita Argentina is ranked at 39; its overall score is below that expected for its level of income. Australia Australia ranks ninth overall, which combines ranks of 14 for Resources, 2 for Environment, 12 for Connectivity and 3 for Output. The Resources rank has fallen two places since last year’s rankings. The ranking for Resources is pulled down by the low ranking (34th) for government expenditure on higher education, although the official data do not reflect the full cost of the student loans scheme. Private expenditure exceeds public expenditure and total expenditure as a share of GDP is ranked seventh. Expenditure per student, which includes research expenditure, is ranked 18th. In the Connectivity measures, Australia ranks second on the share of international students. Links with the private sector are at median levels: 30th for joint publications with industry and 23rd for knowledge transfer. Web connectivity is ranked ninth. The university sector is ranked fourth for its depth. Australia is ranked 7th on total publications and 12th on their average impact. On a per capita basis, it ranks third on research publications compared with tenth on research expenditure. In the share of publications with an international co-author Australia ranks 14th. Australia ranks 12th for the (tertiary) educational qualifications of the labour force, but enrolment rates are ranked much higher. On a per capita basis, the national stock of researchers is ranked 15th. The employment rate for graduates compared with school leavers is ranked 33rd. Australia is ranked seventh when levels of GDP per capita are taken into account and the score is well above that expected at its income level. Austria Austria ranks 12th overall, which combines ranks of 7 for Resources, 26 for the Environment, 2 for Connectivity and 17 for Output. In Connectivity it ranks in the top six for three measures: the share of international students, articles co-authored with international researchers and articles co-authored with industry researchers. Austria ranks third for government expenditures and tenth for total expenditure as a share of GDP. It ranks 15th on published articles per head of population, which compares unfavourably with research expenditure per head which is ranked sixth. Publications rank 11th on their average impact. Tertiary enrolment rates are ranked 11th, a higher rank than the tertiary qualifications of the workforce (24th). The depth of its university sector is ranked tenth. Graduates are ranked in the top four for both numeracy and literacy. When the rankings are adjusted for levels of GDP per capita, Austria’s ranking is 16th, but its score is above what is expected at its income level. Belgium Belgium ranks 13th overall, which combines ranks of 12 for Resources, 10 for Environment, 14 for Connectivity and 12 for Output. Compared with last year’s ranking, the ranks for Resources and Output have improved but the Connectivity rank has fallen. Total expenditure as a share of GDP is ranked 21st but government expenditure is ranked tenth and expenditure per student is ranked 13th. Within the Connectivity module, Belgium is ranked third for the proportion of articles co-authored with international collaborators. It has good links with industry: ranked sixth for joint publications and 14th for knowledge transfer. In Output, Belgium is ranked 14th for publications per head and sixth for their average impact. It is ranked 13th on the quality of its top three universities. It is ranked 17th for the tertiary qualifications of the workforce. Graduates are ranked in the top six for both numeracy and literacy. Belgium’s overall ranking is 13th when performance is adjusted for levels of GDP per capita and its score is above that expected for a country at its level of income. Brazil Brazil ranks 41st overall, which combines ranks of 22 for Resources, 42 for Environment, 47 for Connectivity and 40 for Output. The absence of official data on private expenditure and R&D expenditure means that the ranking for Resources is only an approximation. Government expenditure on higher education as a share of GDP is ranked 22nd. Links with industry are limited: ranked 48th by business and 42nd for joint publications. International research links are rated 39th. In the Output module, Brazil is 13th on total publications but only 43rd on publications per head and 46th for their average impact. The country ranks 25th for the quality of its best three universities but is in the bottom 20 per cent for participation rate and the qualification of its workforce. When the country standings are adjusted for levels of GDP per capita, Brazil rises to 21st in the rankings and its score is around that expected at its income level. Bulgaria Bulgaria ranks 45th overall, which combines a ranking of 48 for Resources, 43 for Environment, 35 for Connectivity and 43 for Output. It ranks 44th for government expenditure on higher education as a share of GDP and 40th for total expenditure. Enrolment rates and the educational attainments of its workforce are around median levels. Publications per head are ranked at 37 and their average impact at 36. Joint publications with international authors rank 39th and joint publications with industry 28th, but business ranks knowledge transfer with tertiary institutions at a low 44th. Taken together, these results imply that Connectivity is limited to specialised groups. Bulgaria is ranked 9th for employment rates of those with a tertiary qualification relative to school leavers. When account is taken of the level of GDP per capita in each country, Bulgaria is ranked 42nd and its score is below the expected level. Canada Canada is ranked seventh overall, which combines ranks of 6 for Resources, 13 for Environment, 9 for Connectivity and 7 for Output. In Resources, Canada ranks third for total expenditure as a share of GDP and seventh for expenditure per student. It is ranked in the top ten for research expenditure as a share of GDP and fourth for the share of national R&D performed by higher education. In the Output category, Canada is ranked sixth for total publications and 12th for publications deflated by population. The average impact of publications is ranked 13th. Its best three universities are ranked fifth. Canada is ranked first for the formal educational qualifications of its workforce. In Connectivity, Canada ranks third for web impact and 20th for the share of publications that are joint with international authors. Engagement with industry is above average: ranked tenth for knowledge transfer and 19th for joint publications. When levels of GDP per capita are taken into account, Canada ranks fifth overall and the score is well above that expected at its income level. Chile Chile ranks 31st overall, which combines ranks of 20 for Resources, 21 for Environment, 32 for Connectivity and 34 for Output. The rank for Resources has improved five places from last year’s ranking. In the Resources category, as a share of GDP Chile is ranked 24th for government expenditure but first for total expenditure owing to the importance of private expenditure. Expenditure per student is ranked 38th reflecting the high participation rate (ranked seventh). Research expenditure as a share of GDP is also ranked 38th and Chile is ranked third for the share of national R&D expenditure carried out by higher education. In the Connectivity category, Chile ranks tenth in the share of articles co-authored with international collaborators but 41st in joint articles with industry. The score by business on the extent of knowledge transfer has improved to 29th. In Output, Chile ranks 34th for published articles per head of population and 29th for their average impact. When levels of GDP per capita are allowed for, Chile ranks 33rd which is a little below that expected at its income level. China China ranks 26th overall, a rise of 13 places over the last eight years. The overall rank combines ranks of 40 for Resources, 18 for Environment, 43 for Connectivity and 16 for Output. The Output rank has improved six places from last year’s ranking. In the Resources category, as a share of GDP total expenditure on higher education is ranked 29th and research expenditure 37th. Within the Connectivity category, knowledge transfer with business is ranked 24th and the share of articles co-authored with industry is ranked 38th. Along with other countries with a large domestic research base, articles with international collaborators represent a low share of publications (ranked 46th). In Output, China is ranked second on total publications but 44th when population is allowed for. China is ranked eighth for the quality of its best three universities. When levels of GDP per capita are taken into account, China’s overall rank improves to 19th and its score is above that expected at its income level. Croatia Croatia ranks 43rd overall, which combines ranks of 41 for Resources, 47 for Environment, 40 for Connectivity and 37 for Output. As shares of GDP, public expenditure on higher education is ranked 23rd, total expenditure 44th and research expenditure 33rd. External joint publications are the highest ranked components in Connectivity: international co-authored papers are ranked at 30 and those co-authored with industry are ranked at 24. However, knowledge transfer with business is ranked at 50, suggesting that external links are with specialised groups. The Output category includes a rank of 26 for publications per head and their average impact is ranked 39th. Enrolment rates are around median levels. Croatia’s overall rank improves to 35 when allowance is made for income differences across countries, but its overall score is less than expected at its level of income. Czech Republic The Czech Republic ranks 29th overall, which combines ranks of 37 for Resources, 33 for Environment, 21 for Connectivity and 30 for Output. As a share of GDP, public expenditure on higher education has fallen substantially to be ranked 37th (26th in last year’s rankings), total expenditure has fallen to 45th and research expenditure to 33rd. In Connectivity, the Czech Republic ranks eighth for international student share. Joint publications with international authors rank 27th. The Czech Republic is ranked 21st for joint publications with industry but business views on knowledge transfer give a lower rank of 40 a fall from last year’s 28th. Publications per head of population are ranked 20th and their average impact 39th. The employment rate for those with a tertiary qualification compared with school leavers is ranked 12th. Graduates are ranked third for problem solving skills. When levels of GDP per capita are taken into account the Czech Republic is ranked 26th and its score is around that expected at its level of income. Denmark Denmark is ranked third overall, which combines ranks of 4 for Resources, 24 for Environment, 6 for Connectivity and 4 for Output. Within the Resources category, it is ranked 5th for government expenditure as a share of GDP and 16th for total expenditure (public plus private) per student. Denmark is ranked first for spending on research and development by tertiary institutions (as a share of GDP) and second for the number of national researchers per head of population. In the Connectivity module, Denmark is ranked seventh by business for knowledge transfer, fourth for joint publications with industry, and seventh for joint publications with international authors. In Output it is ranked first for publications per head of population and third for their average impact. Denmark is ranked second for the overall quality of its universities. Denmark is ranked fourth in overall ranking when adjustment is made for different levels of GDP per capita. Its score is well above that expected at its level of income. Finland Finland ranks eighth overall, which combines ranks of 9 for Resources, 5 for Environment, 7 for Connectivity and 9 for Output. It ranks fourth in government expenditure on higher education as a share of GDP and 16th on total expenditure (public plus private) per student. Allowing for population, Finland ranks sixth on publications which is the same as its rank on research expenditure. The average impact of papers is ranked ninth. It ranks sixth in the number of national researchers per head of population. Enrolment rates are ranked eighth which compares with a rank of 13 for the tertiary qualifications of the workforce. In Connectivity, Finland is ranked fourth for web impact and 6th by business for knowledge transfer. In joint publications it is ranked ninth for those with international authors and eighth for those with industry. Graduates are ranked in the top five for both literacy and numeracy, and the business score places them third. When levels of GDP per capita are taken into account Finland is ranked first and its score is well above what is expected given its level of income. France France ranks 17th overall, which combines ranks of 16 in Resources, 22 in Environment, 17 in Connectivity, and 18 in Output. Within the Resources category it is ranked 13th for government expenditure as a share of GDP, 17th for total expenditure per student and 16th for research expenditure. In Connectivity, France ranks 12th for joint publications with industry, for joint publications with international authors, and for the share of international students but only 25th on Web connectivity. In the Output module, France is ranked sixth for the standing of its best three universities. The total number of publications by the country’s universities is ranked 10th but this falls to 28th when adjusted for population. The average impact of publications is ranked 21st. France is ranked 17th for researchers per head. The enrolment rate is ranked 32nd and the tertiary education qualifications of the workforce 22nd. When levels of GDP per capita are taken into account, France’s overall rank is 20th and its score is around the level expected at its level of income. Germany Germany is ranked 16th overall, which combines ranks of 18 for Resources, 28 for Environment, 15 for Connectivity and 14 for Output. In the Resources category it ranks 35th on total expenditure (public plus private) as a share of GDP but 15th on expenditure per student. The difference is explained by the lower rank (25th) for the participation rate in higher education. In Connectivity, Germany performs well on links with industry: ranked tenth for joint publications and ninth for knowledge transfer. It ranks 23rd for the share of publications that have international co-authors. In Output, German universities are ranked fourth for total publications, 23rd for publications deflated by population and 16th for average impact even though research expenditure is ranked 11th. The share of research funded by business is high (ranked fourth) and as a consequence research output is much wider than publications. Germany ranks seventh for the standing of its best three universities. In the tertiary qualifications of the work force, Germany is ranked 26th. The Environment score is pulled down in part because the points awarded for national policy disadvantages federations. When levels of GDP per capita are taken into account Germany’s overall ranking falls to 24th but its score is around the level expected given its level of income. Greece Greece is ranked equal 37th overall, which combines ranks of 47 for Resources, 50 for Environment, 25 for Connectivity and 26 for Output. The Resources rank has fallen four places since last year’s ranking. Greece ranks 39th for government expenditure on higher education as a share of GDP but 48th for expenditure per student. This difference is explained by the high recorded participation rate in tertiary education (ranked equal first). The low Environment rank occurs because of an excessively centralised system and a low grade from business. In Connectivity, Greece is ranked 16th for joint publications with industry but the tertiary system is rated lower by business for knowledge transfer (47th). The share of publications with an international co-author is ranked 21st. Other than for the highly-ranked participation rate, the rankings for all the Output measures lie around median values: ranging from a rank of 22 for the average impact of research articles to 33rd for the quality of its best three universities. On a per head basis, the rank for publications (25th) roughly matches that for research expenditure (28th). When account is taken of levels of per capita GDP, Greece’s overall ranking improves to 32nd but it is a little below that expected at its level of income. Hong Kong SAR Hong Kong SAR is ranked 14th overall, which combines ranks of 13 for Resources, 4 for Environment, 19 for Connectivity and 15 for Output. The Environment score is high reflecting a system that gives significant autonomy to institutions while maintaining overall surveillance. Government expenditure on higher education as a share of GDP is ranked 20th; total expenditure per student is ranked fourth. It ranks first for contribution to national R&D effort. In Connectivity, the higher education sector is ranked 13th for business satisfaction with the extent of knowledge transfer but is ranked lower at 34th for articles written with industry. Web-based connectivity is ranked 12th. In the Output category, Hong Kong SAR is ranked 10th on publications per head and 4th on the average impact of articles. When account is taken of levels of GDP per capita Hong Kong’s ranking falls to 25th but its score is around the level expected at its relatively high income level. Hungary Hungary is ranked 33rd overall, which combines ranks of 44 for Resources, 46 for Environment, 18 for Connectivity and 32 for Output. Government expenditure on higher education as a share of GDP ranks 40th and total expenditure per student ranks 27th. Research expenditure as a share of GDP is ranked 36th. The Connectivity ranking includes fifth in joint publications with industry but business ranks knowledge transfer lower at 32nd. Joint publications with international authors rank 19th. Within the Output category, Hungary is ranked third for the tertiary qualifications of the workforce compared with school leavers. It is ranked 31st on publications per head and 24th for their impact. When account is taken of relative levels of GDP per capita, Hungary’s ranking is 30th and its score is a little below that expected at its income level. India India is ranked 49th overall, which combines ranks of 35 for Resources, 37 for Environment, 49 for Connectivity and 48 for Output. It is ranked 17th for government expenditure on higher education as a share of GDP. In common with other large countries with a sizeable domestic research base, India ranks well down for joint publications with international authors (49th). Joint publications with industry are ranked 47th, but India is scored higher by business on knowledge transfer (ranked 33rd). India rates lowly for web connectivity. Within the Output category, India ranks 9th on total publications but 50th on publications per head, similar to the research expenditure rank of 47. The average impact of articles is ranked 44th. When account is taken of relative levels of GDP per capita, India’s overall ranking rises to 17th owing mainly to a large increase in the ranking for Resources (now 11th). India’s GDP-adjusted overall score is around the level expected at its income level. Indonesia Indonesia is ranked 50th overall, which combines ranks of 50 for Resources, 30 for Environment, 44 for Connectivity and 50 for Output. It is ranked 49th for government expenditure on higher education as a share of GDP. In Connectivity, Indonesia ranks 39th for the share of publications with a co-author from industry and 20th for knowledge transfer with business. Total publications rank 30th and the share which is joint with international authors is ranked 50th. In all other Output measures other than graduate unemployment, Indonesia is ranked in the lowest decile. It loses points for not having a university in the Shanghai top 1000. When allowance is made for levels of per capita GDP, Indonesia’s overall ranking remains at 50 and the score is well below that expected at its income level. Iran Iran is ranked 47th overall, which combines ranks of 33 for Resources, 41 for Environment, 50 for Connectivity and 41 for Output. An increase in government funding has led to an improvement of six places in the Resources rank from last year. Government expenditure on higher education as a share of GDP is now ranked 19th. Connectivity remains very low. Iran ranks 50th for joint publications with industry and 47th for joint publications with international authors. Web-based impact is ranked 45th. Iran is ranked 16th for total publications, but when population is allowed for, the rank falls to 39th. The average impact of articles is ranked 40th. Iran ranks 27th for enrolment rates and 40th for the (tertiary) educational qualifications of its workforce. When account is taken of levels of GDP per capita, the rank for Output improves to 29th; the overall rank improves a little to 38th but it is below that expected at Iran’s level of income. Ireland Ireland is ranked 19th overall, which combines ranks of 39 for Resources, 15 for Environment, 11 for Connectivity and 20 for Output. Government expenditure as a share of GDP is ranked 46th and research expenditure at 32nd. Expenditure per student is ranked 22nd. In Connectivity, the business rating of knowledge transfer is ranked highly at sixth; joint publications with industry (up nine places) and with international authors are each ranked 14th. Web connectivity is ranked sixth. Under Output, Ireland is ranked ninth on publications per head of population and 14th on their average impact. It ranks 10th for the tertiary educational levels of its workforce. Official revisions to the data on the number of researchers and a reduction in unemployment for school leavers are responsible for a fall of five places in the Output rank. When account is taken of relative levels of GDP per capita the overall ranking is 40th, but because of the importance of foreign firms in Ireland the rank would be much improved if Gross National Income was used as a measure of income levels. Israel Israel is ranked 18th overall, which combines ranks of 23 for Resources, 20 for Environment, 20 for Connectivity and 13 for Output. Israel ranks 33rd for government expenditure on higher education as a share of GDP, which improves to 24th when private expenditure is added. Expenditure per student is ranked 29th. Expenditure by tertiary institutions on R&D as a percentage of GDP is ranked 14th. Israel is ranked first for the number of researchers in the country per head of population and fourth for the tertiary qualifications of the workforce. It is ranked 12th for the depth of quality universities. Research output per head of population is ranked 17th and the average impact of articles is ranked 18th. Israel is ranked fifth for knowledge transfer with business and 25th for joint articles with industry. It is ranked 24th for international co-authorship of publications. Web impact is ranked 19th. When account is taken of relative levels of GDP per capita, the overall ranking improves to 12th and the score is above that expected at Israel’s income level. Italy Italy is ranked 30th overall, which combines ranks of 42 for Resources, 38 for Environment, 27 for Connectivity and 25 for Output. Government expenditure on higher education as a share of GDP is ranked 46th; total expenditure per student (including research and private expenditure) is ranked 25th. Research expenditure by tertiary institutions as a share of GDP is ranked 26th. In Connectivity, joint publications of academics with industry are ranked 22nd and joint publications with international authors 25th. Knowledge transfer with firms is ranked 30th. In the Output category, Italian tertiary institutions publish the eighth largest number of journal articles but this falls to 22nd when deflated by population size. The average impact of articles is ranked 16th. The three best performing universities are ranked 20th. Italy ranks 42rd on the education qualifications of its workforce and 33rd on number of researchers per head of population. When account is taken of relative levels of GDP per capita, Italy’s ranking falls to 34th and its score is below expected at its income level. Japan Japan is ranked 20th overall, which combines ranks of 24 for Resources, 16 for Environment, 28 for Connectivity and 22 for Output. Japan is ranked last for government expenditure as a share of GDP but total expenditure (of which two-thirds is private) is ranked 28th. Because the participation rate is below median levels, expenditure per student is ranked 11th. Connectivity is predominantly internal: Japan ranks 7th for the percentage of articles written jointly with industry collaborators but 42nd for articles written with foreign co-authors. The business ranking for knowledge transfer is 36th, a fall of 14 places from last year’s ranking. In Output, Japan ranks 5th on total articles published but 33rd when population size is allowed for, lower than the rank for research expenditure of 20. The average impact of articles is ranked 41st. Japan ranks fourth on the quality of its best three universities. It ranks third on the educational qualifications of its workforce and ninth for the number of researchers in the country. Graduates are ranked fourth for both literacy and problem-solving ability. When account is taken of relative levels of GDP per capita, Japan’s rank falls to 36th and is below the level expected at its income level. Korea Korea is ranked 24th overall, which combines ranks of 25 for Resources, 44 for Environment, 33 for Connectivity and 19 for Output. Government expenditure on higher education as a share of GDP is ranked 42nd but total expenditure is ranked 13th -- total expenditure per student ranks much lower at 34th because Korea has the fourth highest participation rate. The rank for Environment is pulled down by the relatively low proportion of students and staff who are female. Korean links with industry are ranked 17th for joint publications and 28th for knowledge transfer. Joint publications with international authors are ranked 43rd. In the Output category, Korea ranks 12th on total publications but 24th when adjusted for population size, a similar rank as for research expenditure. The average impact of publications ranks 33rd. Korea ranks sixth on the education qualifications of its workforce and fourth on total researchers in the nation (adjusted for population). It is ranked fifth for the importance of business funding of research. When account is taken of relative levels of GDP per capita, Korea’s overall rank falls to 37 and is below that expected at its income level. Malaysia Malaysia is ranked 27th overall, which combines ranks of 15 for Resources, 9 for Environment, 31 for Connectivity and 45 for Output. As a share of GDP, government expenditure on higher education Is ranked 15th but adding in private expenditure, total expenditure is ranked fifth. Expenditure on R&D in tertiary institutions as a share of GDP is ranked 15th, an improvement of seven places from last year’s ranking. In Connectivity, Malaysia is ranked 18th for knowledge transfer with business, but 49th for joint publications with industry. Joint publications with international authors are ranked 29th, an improvement of three places. Malaysian institutions are ranked 25th for total publications, 36th for publications per head of population and 34th for the average impact of articles. The country is ranked 38th for the educational attainment of the workforce and 32nd for the number of researchers in the nation (adjusted for population). When account is taken of relative levels of GDP per capita, Malaysia’s overall ranking is 31st and the estimated overall score is a little below that expected at its income level. Mexico Mexico is ranked 48th overall, which combines ranks of 38 for Resources, 25 for Environment, 45 for Connectivity and 49 for Output. As a share of GDP, government expenditure is ranked 26th and total expenditure 30th, but research expenditure is ranked lower at 41st. Expenditure per student is ranked 40th. In Connectivity, Mexico ranks 45th for joint publications with industry and 41st for knowledge transfer. Joint publications with international authors are ranked 35th. Web connectivity is well below average. In Output, Mexico is ranked 33rd for total publications but 48th when adjusted for population. Tertiary enrolment rates are ranked 47th. When account is taken of levels of GDP per capita Mexico’s overall rank is 49 and the overall score is well below that expected at Mexico’s level of income. Netherlands The Netherlands is ranked tenth overall, which combines ranks of 11 for Resources, 8 for Environment, 5 for Connectivity and 8 for Output. It is ranked 12th for total expenditure on higher education (which is 70 per cent government funded) as a share of GDP. Expenditure per student is ranked tenth as is R&D expenditure as a share of GDP. The Netherlands ranks highly for Connectivity with business: third for publications and second for knowledge transfer. The share of joint publications that have international co-authors is ranked eighth and web connectivity is above average. In Output, the Netherlands ranks seventh for publications adjusted for population and their average impact is ranked second. The participation rate is ranked 12th, an improvement of seven places from last year’s ranking, and the education qualifications of the workforce is ranked 19th. The standing of its universities is high: ranked 8th for depth and 12th for its best three universities. Graduates are ranked in the top five by business and for all three generic competencies: literacy, numeracy and problem solving. The Netherlands ranks 13th for the national stock of researchers per head. When account is taken of levels of GDP per capita the overall rank is 10 and the scores for each of the four broad categories and overall are above those expected at the Netherland’s income level. New Zealand New Zealand is ranked 14th overall, which combines ranks of 21 for Resources, 3 for Environment, 10 for Connectivity and 21 for Output. For expenditure as a share of GDP, New Zealand is ranked 28th for government expenditure, 12th for total expenditure and 23rd for R&D expenditure (a fall in rank from last year). In Connectivity, New Zealand’s highest score is for the percentage of students who are international, where it is ranked third. It is ranked 13th for publications with international researchers and 26th for publications with industry. The rank for business views on knowledge transfer has improved to 19th. Web connectivity is ranked tenth. New Zealand is ranked 13th for publications per capita, and 15th on their average impact. New Zealand’s tertiary enrolment rate is ranked 16th and the tertiary educational qualifications of its workforce 18th. Graduates are ranked second for problem-solving abilities. When account is taken of relative levels of GDP per capita, New Zealand’s rank improves to eighth and its score is well above the level expected at its income level. Norway Norway is ranked 11th overall, which combines ranks of 1 for Resources, 19 for Environment, 16 for Connectivity and 10 for Output. The Resources rank has improved five places over last year. In expenditure as a share of GDP, Norway is ranked second for public expenditure (95 per cent of total expenditure), sixth for total expenditure and fourth for R&D expenditure. Expenditure per student is ranked eighth. In Connectivity, co-authorship with international collaborators is ranked 11th and with industry 15th. Web connectivity is ranked eighth. Norway ranks fifth for research publications per head and eighth for their average impact. It is ranked 17th for participation rates in higher education, 15th for the tertiary educational qualifications of the workforce and 7th for the number of national researchers per head. Norway’s overall rank falls to 22nd when account is taken of levels of GDP per head and the overall score is around that expected at its high-income level. Poland Poland is ranked 32nd overall, which combines ranks of 31 for Resources, 17 for Environment, 37 for Connectivity and 31 for Output. In expenditure as a share of GDP, Poland is ranked 25th for public expenditure (a fall of eight places from last year), 36th for total expenditure and 28th for research expenditure. Connectivity with industry is below average: Poland ranks 36th for joint articles and 31st for knowledge transfer with business. In joint articles with international collaborators Poland is ranked 40th. Web connectivity is around median levels. In Output, Poland is ranked 18th on published articles but this falls to 30th when adjusted for population. The average impact of articles is ranked 32nd. Participation rates are ranked 28th and the tertiary educational qualifications of the workforce 27th. Poland performs well (fourth) on the employment rates of those with a tertiary qualification compared with school leavers. Poland’s rank improves to 29th when account is taken of levels of GDP per capita but is a little below that expected at its income level. Portugal Portugal is ranked 25th overall, which combines ranks of 26 for Resources, 34 for Environment, 22 for Connectivity and 28 for Output. The Resources rank has fallen four places from last year. For expenditure as a share of GDP, Portugal is ranked 32nd for public expenditure and 38th for total expenditure. The higher education share of national R&D expenditure is ranked second highest. Under the heading of Connectivity, Portugal is ranked 17th for joint publications with international researchers and 39th for publications with industry. Knowledge transfer with business is ranked 26th. In Output, publications per head are ranked 18th, matching the rank for research expenditure per capita. Portugal ranks 32nd in the tertiary educational qualifications of its workforce. After allowing for population, Portugal ranks 19th for the number of researchers in the country. When account is taken of relative levels of GDP per capita, Portugal’s ranking improves to 14th and its score is above that expected at its level of income. Romania Romania is ranked 44th overall, which combines ranks of 46 for Resources, 31 for Environment, 41 for Connectivity and 46 for Output. Total expenditure as a share of GDP is ranked 37th; research expenditure is ranked 43rd. The Environment measure benefits from institutions having a relatively high percentage of female staff. In the Connectivity measures, joint publications with international authors are ranked 44th and those with co-authors from industry are ranked 37th. Transfer of knowledge with business is ranked 39th. Romania is ranked 35th on research articles per head and 42nd on their average impact. When account is taken of relative levels of GDP per capita Romania’s overall rank is 46th and its score is well below that expected at its level of income. Russia Russia is ranked 35th overall, which combines ranks of 45 for Resources, 29 for Environment, 46 for Connectivity and 29 for Output. The Output rank has deteriorated by three from last year’s ranking. In expenditure as a share of GDP, Russia is ranked 36th for public expenditure, 39th for total expenditure and 42nd for research expenditure. In the Connectivity module, Russia universities are relatively weak on interactions with industry: ranked 44th for joint publications with industry and 46th for knowledge transfer with firms. Russia ranks 45th for joint publications with international researchers. In Output, total research publications rank 15th, publications per head 42nd and their average impact 43rd. Its best three universities are ranked 24th. Russia is ranked second for the educational qualifications of its workforce and sixth for the employment rates of those with a tertiary qualification compared with school leavers. When account is taken of relative levels of GDP per capita the rank is 44 and the GDP adjusted score for Russia is well below that expected at its income level. Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabia is ranked 22nd overall, which combines ranks of 8 for Resources, 45 for Environment, 26 for Connectivity and 33 for Output. It is ranked first for government expenditure on higher education as a share of GDP. In the Connectivity module (where the rank has improved three places from last year) Saudi Arabia is ranked first for the share of publications that have an international co-author, but it is ranked only 40th for joint publications with industry. The business evaluation of knowledge transfer is ranked at 22. Web connectivity is in the lowest decile. The highest score in the Output module is for the quality of its best three universities which are ranked 19th. Saudi Arabia is ranked 38th for publications per head and 20th for their average impact. Unemployment amongst graduates is higher than for school leavers. Saudi Arabia’s high level of GDP per capita inevitably means that its ranking falls (to 48th) when income levels are allowed for. The GDP adjusted score for Saudi Arabia is well below that expected at its income level. Serbia Serbia is ranked 42nd overall, which combines ranks of 30 for Resources, 49 for Environment, 39 for Connectivity and 44 for Output. Government expenditure on higher education as a share of GDP is ranked 16th and expenditure by institutions on R&D is ranked 25th. The share of national R&D expenditure undertaken by the higher education sector is ranked fifth highest. Serbia ranks 43rd on joint publications with industry and 26th on joint publications with international authors. In the Output module, Serbia ranks 32nd in publications per head and 37th in their average impact. It is ranked 39th for the tertiary education qualifications of the work force and 31st for the tertiary enrolment rate. In per capita terms, Serbia ranks 35th for the national stock of researchers. When account is taken of relative levels of GDP per capita Serbia’s rank jumps to 11th place and the score is well above that expected for its level of income. Singapore Singapore is ranked fourth overall, which combines ranks of 2 for Resources, 7 for Environment, 3 for Connectivity and 11 for Output. The ranks for all modules except Environment have improved from last year and the overall rank is up three places. Singapore ranks 21st for government expenditure on tertiary education as a share of GDP but first for total expenditure (public plus private) per student. The Singapore higher education sector ranks first for R&D expenditure per head of population and this is reflected in the ranking of eighth for publications per head and fifth for their average impact. In the Connectivity category, it ranks first for the relative importance of international students and fourth for joint publications with international authors. In engagement with the private sector, Singapore ranks fourth for knowledge transfer with firms but 31st for joint scientific publications with industry. Its graduates score the second highest rating by business. The (tertiary) educational qualifications of the workforce and the number of national researchers per head are both ranked fifth. When allowance is made for national levels of GDP per head Singapore’s ranking falls to 23rd, but the score is around what is expected at its high-income level. Slovakia Slovakia is ranked 38th overall, which combines ranks of 43 for Resources, 40 for Environment, 30 for Connectivity and 38 for Output. The OECD expenditure data has now returned to the levels of the 2018 ranking with a consequent deterioration in the rank for Resources and the overall rank compared with the 2019 rankings. As a share of GDP, total expenditure is ranked 32nd, government expenditure 16th and research expenditure 25th. Slovakia is ranked 29th for publications per head and 28th for their average impact. Within the Connectivity module, Slovakia is ranked 13th for joint publications with international researchers, 31st for joint scientific publications with industry and 49th for knowledge transfer with firms. On a per capita basis, the national stock of researchers ranks 30th. Slovakia ranks seventh for the employment rate of those with a tertiary qualification compared with school leavers. When account is taken of relative levels of GDP per capita, Slovakia is ranked 45th and its score is well below that expected at its income level. Slovenia Slovenia is ranked 28th overall, which combines ranks of 34 for Resources, 35 for Environment, 23 for Connectivity and 27 for Output. It is ranked around the median level for many of the indicators. Government expenditure on higher education as a share of GDP is ranked 27th but because private expenditure is low (15 per cent) total expenditure is ranked 42nd. On a per capita basis, publications rank 16th, a creditable performance given that R&D expenditure by tertiary institutions ranks only 35th. In the Connectivity module, joint scientific papers with industry are ranked 23rd and business ranks knowledge transfer at 27th. The share of publications that are joint with international authors is ranked 18th. The participation rate in higher education is ranked 21st and the tertiary qualification rate of the labour force is ranked 25th. On a per capita basis Slovenia is ranked 16th for the number of researchers in the nation. When allowance is made for levels of GDP per capita, Slovenia is ranked 27th and the score is around that expected at its income level. South Africa South Africa is ranked 34th overall, which combines ranks of 32 for resources, 23 for Environment, 34 for Connectivity and 35 for Output. Government expenditure on higher education as a share of GDP is ranked 35th and research expenditure 31st. In Connectivity, South Africa is 22nd for the percentage of joint publications with international researchers; 33rd for joint publications with industry, and 37th for knowledge transfer with firms. But web-based connectivity is very low. In Output, the tertiary education sector is ranked 24th for total publications, 41st for publications per head and 23rd for their average impact. Both enrolment rates and the educational qualifications of the workforce are in the bottom decile. It ranks first for the employment of those with a tertiary qualification compare with school leavers. When allowance is made for differences in GDP per head, South Africa is ranked second, and the score is well above that expected at its level of income. Spain Spain is ranked 23rd overall, which combines ranks of 28 for Resources, 32 for Environment, 29 for Connectivity and 23 for Output. As a share of GDP, Spain is ranked 31st for government expenditure on higher education (about two-thirds of total expenditure), 34th for total expenditure and 27th for research expenditure. In engagement with the private sector, Spain ranks 27th for joint scientific publications with industry and 35th for knowledge transfer. Joint publications with international collaborators are ranked 28th. Spain’s tertiary institutions are ranked 21st for web connectivity. In Output, Spain is ranked 11th for total publications and 21st on a per capita basis. The average impact of published articles is ranked 27th. In the educational qualifications of the workforce Spain is ranked 21st but it is ranked sixth on enrolments. On a per capita basis, the national stock of researchers is ranked 28th. When allowance is made for differences in GDP per head, Spain’s rank is 28 and its score is around that expected at its level of income. Sweden Sweden is ranked fifth overall, which combines ranks of 5 for Resources, 14 for Environment, 8 for Connectivity and 6 for Output. The rank for Resources has fallen three places from last year. As a share of GDP, Sweden is ranked 7th for government expenditure (about 90 per cent of total expenditure), 18th for total expenditure and 3rd for research expenditure. Expenditure per student is ranked fifth. Sweden’s lowest rank is for the policy Environment, which owes to its score for institutional autonomy being only around median values. Sweden performs well in engagement with industry: it ranks 2nd for joint publications and 12th for knowledge transfer. It ranks sixth for joint publications with international researchers. It is in the top ten for web connectivity. In Output, Sweden is ranked fourth for publications per head and seventh for their average impact. Sweden’s university sector is ranked third for its average quality. Graduates score the highest rating of attributes by business and are in the top five for all three generic skill levels: literacy, numeracy and problem solving. The country is ranked 16th for the tertiary educational qualifications of its workforce. On a per capita basis, Sweden ranks third for the number of researchers in the nation. When allowance is made for levels of GDP per capita, Sweden is ranked sixth overall and its score is well above that expected at its level of income. Switzerland Switzerland maintains its second rank overall, which combines ranks of 3 for Resources, 12 for Environment, 1 for Connectivity and 5 for Output. Government expenditure on higher education as a share of GDP ranks ninth and expenditure per student third. Switzerland dominates the Connectivity category. It is rated first for knowledge transfer with firms, ninth for joint publications with industry, and second for joint publications with international researchers. It is fifth for the proportion of students who are international. Web-based impact is ranked second. On a per capita basis, Switzerland is ranked second for publications which reflects its number two rank for R&D expenditure. It is ranked first for both the average impact of publications and for the average quality of its universities. Switzerland ranks 14th for the tertiary educational qualifications of its workforce and 10th for the number of researchers in the nation per head of population. Its graduates score the highest rating by business. When levels of GDP per capita are taken into account, Switzerland is ranked ninth and its score is well above that expected at its level of income. Taiwan–China Taiwan–China is ranked 21st overall, which combines ranks of 29 for Resources, 11 for Environment, 24 for Connectivity and 24 for Output. Expenditure on higher education as a share of GDP is ranked 26th, of which a little over one-half is private. In Connectivity, knowledge transfer with firms is ranked 17th but joint scientific publications with industry are ranked lower at 32nd. Joint publications with international researchers are ranked 37th. Taiwan–China ranks 15th for Web connectivity. In Output, it is ranked 21st for total publications and 35th for their average impact. It is ranked seventh for the tertiary educational qualifications of its workforce and 14th for the enrolment rate in higher education. Taiwan–China is well provided with researchers per head of population, where it is ranked eighth. When levels of GDP per capita are taken into account, Taiwan–China slips to 41st in the ranking and is below the level expected at its income level. Thailand Thailand is ranked 46th overall, which combines ranks of 49 for Resources, 27 for Environment, 36 for Connectivity and 47 for Output. Government expenditure on higher education as a share of GDP is ranked 45th and expenditure on R&D is ranked 39th. In Connectivity, knowledge transfer with industry is ranked 25th and joint publications with industry 35th. Joint articles with international researchers are ranked 31st. Publications per head are ranked 46th and their average impact 38th. It is ranked 46th for the tertiary educational qualifications of its workforce. When levels of GDP per capita are taken into account, Thailand ranks 43rd and the adjusted score is well below that expected at its level of income. Turkey Turkey is ranked 39th overall (a rise of three places from last year), which combines ranks of 17 for Resources, 48 for Environment, 48 for Connectivity and 39 for Output. Increased expenditure in higher education has seen the Resources rank improve five places from last year. Calculated as shares of GDP, both government and total expenditure on higher education rank eighth and research expenditure 29th. Connectivity is weak for the included indicators: knowledge transfer as viewed by business is ranked 34th; joint articles with international authors and with industry are each ranked 48th. In Output, Turkish institutions of higher education rank 17th for total publications but 40th for publications per head. Citations per article are ranked 48th. Participation rates are ranked third but it will take time for this to flow through fully to the educational qualifications of the workforce (currently ranked 41st). On a per capita basis, the number of researchers is ranked 37th. When levels of GDP per capita are taken into account, Turkey’s rank is 47th and its score is well below that expected at its level of income. Ukraine Ukraine is ranked equal 36th, which combines ranks of 27 for Resources, 39 for Environment, 38 for Connectivity and 42 for Output. Ukraine is ranked sixth for government expenditure on higher education as a share of GDP. However, because of the relatively high participation rate (ranked 15th) total expenditure per student is in the lower decile. R&D expenditure by tertiary institutions as a share of GDP has a low ranking of 46. In Connectivity, Ukraine ranks 18th for joint scientific publications with industry but only 46th for knowledge transfer. It ranks 35th for joint publications with international authors and 45th for knowledge transfer with business. In Output, Ukraine loses points for not having a flagship university in the Shanghai top 1000. Ukraine ranks 45th for total publications, 47th for publications per head of population, and 50th for their average impact. The level of (tertiary) educational qualifications of its workforce is ranked eighth. Unemployment of graduates is very low when compared with the rate for school leavers. Using per capita figures, the number of national researchers is ranked 41st. When levels of GDP per capita are taken into account, Ukraine’s overall ranking improves to 14th and its score is above that expected at its income level. United Kingdom The United Kingdom is ranked sixth overall, which combines ranks of 19 for Resources, 6 for Environment, 4 for Connectivity and 2 for Output. The rank for Resources has fallen six places from last year’s ranking and consequently the overall rank has fallen three places. As a share of GDP, government expenditure ranks 48th and total expenditure 1th. Expenditure per student is ranked sixth, which reflects the lower than average participation rate (ranked 38th). Connectivity with industry is relatively strong: the United Kingdom ranks 15th for knowledge transfer with business (a fall from last year’s second) and 11th for joint scientific publications. In the share of publications with an international author, the United Kingdom ranks 16th. It ranks fourth for the percentage of students who are international and fifth for the number of times external users access websites. In the Output category, the United Kingdom ranks third for total publications and tenth for their average impact. On a per capita basis, research publications rank 11th compared with a rank of 19 for research expenditure – implying an above-average level of efficiency. The United Kingdom ranks second for the quality of its best three universities. It is ranked tenth for the (tertiary) educational qualifications of the workforce. In per capita terms, the United Kingdom ranks 18th for the national stock of researchers. When levels of GDP per capita are taken into account, the United Kingdom is ranked third and its score is well above the level expected at its income level. United States The United States is ranked first overall, which combines ranks of 10 for Resources, 1 for Environment, 13 for Connectivity and 1 for Output. Expenditure on higher education as a share of GDP is ranked second (public expenditure has fallen to one-third of the total) as is expenditure per student. Links with the private sector are strong: knowledge transfer is rated third and joint scientific publications 20th. However, as is expected for other large countries, the percentage of publications that are joint with international authors ranks much lower at 38. Although the United States has the largest absolute number of international students, as a share of its total students it ranks only 23rd. It ranks first for the number of times external users access websites of tertiary institutions even when adjusted for population. In Output, the United States is first for total publications but on a per capita basis it ranks 19th for publications, a lower rank than that for research expenditure of 14. The United States ranks ninth for both participation rates and the (tertiary) educational credentials of its workforce. It is ranked first for the quality of its best three universities. On a per capita basis it is ranked 18th for the national stock of researchers. When levels of GDP per capita are taken into account, the overall rank for the United States falls to 18th but its score is above the level expected at its income level. Overall - Dev
Rank Country Score 1 Finland 21.6 2 South Africa 20.9 3 United Kingdom 20.6 4 Denmark 20.2 5 Canada 17.4 6 Sweden 16.7 7 Australia 16.0 8 New Zealand 16.0 9 Switzerland 15.0 10 Netherlands 10.9 11 Serbia 10.4 12 Israel 9.5 13 Belgium 9.1 14 Ukraine 8.6 15 Portugal 8.2 16 Austria 7.6 17 India 3.8 18 United States 3.7 19 China -0.3 20 France -3.3 21 Brazil -5.5 22 Norway -6.1 23 Singapore -7.6 24 Germany -7.8 25 Hong Kong SAR -8.4 26 Czech Republic -8.5 27 Slovenia -9.7 28 Spain -9.8 29 Poland -12.0 30 Hungary -12.7 31 Malaysia -13.5 32 Greece -13.7 33 Chile -15.9 34 Italy -17.3 35 Croatia -19.5 36 Japan -20.5 37 Korea -20.9 38 Iran -24.3 39 Argentina -25.2 40 Ireland -26.6 41 Taiwan-China -26.7 42 Bulgaria -27.5 43 Thailand -27.6 44 Russia -30.7 45 Slovakia -31.8 46 Romania -32.0 47 Turkey -34.1 48 Saudi Arabia -40.0 49 Mexico -45.4 50 Indonesia -56.4 Connectivity - Dev
Rank Country Score 1 Ukraine 70.2 2 United Kingdom 34.9 3 Austria 31.1 4 New Zealand 29.6 5 Switzerland 24.8 6 Hungary 24.1 7 Finland 21.5 8 Canada 20.6 9 South Africa 19.1 10 India 17.2 11 Denmark 15.6 12 Netherlands 14.5 13 Australia 11.6 14 Portugal 10.0 15 Sweden 9.4 16 Czech Republic 9.1 17 Serbia 6.8 18 Belgium 5.3 19 Greece 5.2 20 Germany 4.2 21 France 3.6 22 Bulgaria -3.2 23 United States -6.7 24 Thailand -7.2 25 Israel -8.6 26 Slovenia -12.4 27 Ireland -14.3 28 Slovakia -15.7 29 Italy -16.9 30 Singapore -17.1 31 Spain -21.0 32 Hong Kong SAR -22.3 33 Romania -23.1 34 Poland -23.4 35 China -23.8 36 Malaysia -24.8 37 Japan -29.5 38 Argentina -30.7 39 Taiwan-China -30.8 40 Norway -30.8 41 Chile -37.2 42 Indonesia -38.2 43 Brazil -42.8 44 Russia -46.2 45 Korea -47.3 46 Croatia -51.0 47 Mexico -58.5 48 Saudi Arabia -59.0 49 Turkey -67.3 50 Iran -76.2 Environment - Dev
Rank Country Score 1 United States 26.2 2 Australia 22.0 3 New Zealand 19.8 4 Hong Kong SAR 18.4 5 Finland 17.2 6 United Kingdom 15.3 7 Singapore 14.0 8 Netherlands 13.3 9 Malaysia 12.0 10 Belgium 9.9 11 Taiwan-China 9.9 12 Canada 7.6 13 Switzerland 7.3 14 Sweden 7.1 15 Ireland 5.8 16 Japan 5.4 17 China 5.2 18 Poland 4.5 19 Israel 4.4 20 Norway 4.3 21 France 3.0 22 Chile 2.1 23 Denmark 2.0 24 Austria 1.4 25 South Africa -0.5 26 Mexico -0.6 27 Thailand -0.7 28 Germany -1.3 29 Russia -1.4 30 Indonesia -2.6 31 Spain -3.2 32 Czech Republic -4.3 33 Romania -4.9 34 Portugal -5.3 35 Slovenia -5.8 36 Argentina -7.4 37 India -8.7 38 Italy -9.2 39 Ukraine -10.2 40 Slovakia -14.0 41 Iran -14.1 42 Korea -17.0 43 Brazil -17.1 44 Bulgaria -18.5 45 Saudi Arabia -18.6 46 Hungary -24.9 47 Croatia -27.9 48 Turkey -29.0 49 Serbia -31.0 50 Greece -55.6 Output - Dev
Rank Country Score 1 United Kingdom 29.3 2 Denmark 28.4 3 Israel 28.2 4 Serbia 24.4 5 Australia 23.8 6 South Africa 22.9 7 Finland 22.3 8 Sweden 20.5 9 Portugal 17.6 10 New Zealand 16.9 11 Canada 15.4 12 Switzerland 13.3 13 Greece 12.9 14 Belgium 11.0 15 Netherlands 10.2 16 China 5.5 17 Brazil 1.2 18 United States -0.8 19 Slovenia -0.9 20 Croatia -1.8 21 Spain -3.6 22 India -5.5 23 Austria -8.0 24 Norway -8.5 25 Czech Republic -9.9 26 Korea -10.1 27 Italy -11.8 28 France -11.9 29 Iran -13.3 30 Hong Kong SAR -13.6 31 Singapore -13.9 32 Poland -16.5 33 Germany -16.9 34 Hungary -17.2 35 Ukraine -20.0 36 Chile -23.1 37 Ireland -26.4 38 Japan -27.9 39 Bulgaria -31.5 40 Russia -32.8 41 Argentina -36.3 42 Taiwan-China -37.6 43 Malaysia -42.9 44 Romania -44.9 45 Turkey -47.9 46 Slovakia -49.2 47 Thailand -50.6 48 Saudi Arabia -72.8 49 Mexico -79.5 50 Indonesia -95.9 Resources - Dev
Rank Country Score 1 South Africa 40.1 2 Malaysia 30.9 3 Brazil 29.9 4 Canada 28.3 5 Serbia 27.6 6 Denmark 26.5 7 Sweden 26.0 8 Finland 24.5 9 Ukraine 23.1 10 Saudi Arabia 23.0 11 India 21.6 12 Austria 21.4 13 Turkey 21.4 14 Switzerland 16.3 15 Norway 13.0 16 Belgium 8.4 17 Netherlands 6.5 18 China 5.8 19 Chile 1.8 20 Portugal 1.3 21 United States 0.8 22 France 0.5 23 Australia -1.0 24 New Zealand -3.1 25 Iran -4.6 26 Israel -5.0 27 United Kingdom -6.1 28 Singapore -7.1 29 Poland -8.1 30 Germany -8.3 31 Mexico -9.0 32 Hong Kong SAR -11.2 33 Croatia -14.9 34 Argentina -15.6 35 Spain -17.8 36 Korea -19.9 37 Japan -22.3 38 Czech Republic -27.5 39 Slovenia -28.5 40 Hungary -28.5 41 Thailand -28.9 42 Slovakia -30.9 43 Italy -36.9 44 Taiwan-China -37.2 45 Russia -40.5 46 Romania -42.1 47 Greece -43.8 48 Indonesia -49.6 49 Bulgaria -52.8 50 Ireland -71.7 -
- Year
- 2019
Overall
Rank Country Score 1 United States 100.0 2 Switzerland 88.6 3 United Kingdom 84.5 4 Sweden 82.9 5 Denmark 82.5 6 Canada 81.9 7 Singapore 81.3 8 Australia 80.9 9 Finland 80.4 10 Netherlands 80.2 11 Norway 77.8 12 Austria 77.2 13 Belgium 73.6 14 New Zealand 71.5 15 Hong Kong SAR 70.2 16 Germany 69.6 17 France 67.6 18 Israel 67.3 19 Ireland 64.7 20 Japan 61.7 21 Taiwan-China 60.5 22 Saudi Arabia 59.3 23 Korea 57.4 24 Spain 57.3 25 Portugal 56.8 26 Czech Republic 55.2 27 China 54.7 28 Malaysia 54.5 29 Slovenia 53.6 30 Italy 53.4 31 Poland 52.2 32 Chile 51.3 33 Slovakia 49.6 34 South Africa 48.7 35 Hungary 48.5 35 Russia 48.5 37 Greece 47.0 38 Argentina 45.1 38 Ukraine 45.1 40 Brazil 44.1 41 Serbia 43.4 42 Turkey 43.3 43 Croatia 42.1 44 Bulgaria 41.8 45 Romania 41.7 46 Thailand 41.2 47 Mexico 41.1 48 Iran 39.2 49 India 38.8 50 Indonesia 33.5 Connectivity
Rank Country Score 1 Switzerland 100.0 2 Austria 93.6 3 United Kingdom 89.5 4 Netherlands 85.4 5 Denmark 84.7 6 Singapore 84.5 7 Sweden 83.2 8 Finland 81.3 9 Canada 80.8 10 Belgium 79.7 11 United States 77.8 12 New Zealand 77.2 13 Australia 73.3 14 Germany 72.9 14 Ireland 72.9 16 Norway 72.4 17 France 67.9 18 Hungary 66.2 19 Hong Kong SAR 62.8 20 Israel 62.3 21 Czech Republic 59.8 22 Taiwan-China 57.6 23 Portugal 55.1 24 Slovenia 54.5 25 Japan 53.7 26 Greece 53.0 27 Italy 52.3 28 Saudi Arabia 52.2 29 Spain 48.9 30 Korea 46.4 31 Malaysia 45.8 32 South Africa 44.3 33 Chile 43.4 34 Bulgaria 43.1 35 Thailand 42.9 36 Slovakia 40.1 37 Serbia 39.0 38 Croatia 38.1 39 Poland 38.0 40 China 36.2 41 Argentina 34.7 42 Romania 34.2 43 Ukraine 33.9 44 Russia 31.5 45 Mexico 31.4 46 Indonesia 29.4 47 Brazil 27.5 48 Turkey 26.7 49 India 25.9 50 Iran 24.7 Environment
Rank Country Score 1 United States 100.0 2 Australia 96.6 3 New Zealand 93.7 4 Hong Kong SAR 92.6 5 Finland 91.3 6 United Kingdom 89.7 7 Singapore 89.1 8 Netherlands 87.3 9 Malaysia 86.7 10 Belgium 85.1 11 Taiwan-China 84.9 12 Switzerland 83.6 13 Canada 83.0 14 Sweden 82.6 15 Poland 81.2 16 China 80.9 17 Norway 80.8 18 Ireland 80.4 18 Israel 80.4 20 Chile 79.9 21 Japan 79.5 22 Denmark 78.9 22 South Africa 78.9 24 Austria 78.2 24 France 78.2 24 Mexico 78.2 27 Thailand 77.3 28 Germany 76.8 28 Russia 76.8 30 Indonesia 76.5 31 Romania 75.5 32 Argentina 75.1 33 Spain 74.8 34 Czech Republic 74.0 35 Portugal 73.8 36 Slovenia 73.1 37 Italy 70.8 38 India 70.5 39 Ukraine 70.4 40 Slovakia 69.0 41 Iran 67.3 42 Brazil 66.9 43 Bulgaria 65.9 44 Korea 65.8 45 Saudi Arabia 64.9 46 Hungary 62.5 47 Croatia 60.9 48 Turkey 59.7 49 Serbia 59.1 50 Greece 47.8 Output
Rank Country Score 1 United States 100.0 2 United Kingdom 72.1 3 Switzerland 66.0 4 Australia 65.7 5 Denmark 64.9 6 Canada 63.5 7 Sweden 63.2 8 Netherlands 60.6 9 Norway 59.4 10 Finland 58.8 11 Israel 57.4 12 Singapore 56.7 13 Germany 55.0 14 Belgium 54.2 15 Ireland 52.5 16 France 51.4 17 Korea 50.8 18 Hong Kong SAR 50.7 18 New Zealand 50.7 20 Austria 50.6 21 Japan 49.6 22 China 49.0 23 Spain 46.5 24 Taiwan-China 43.9 25 Italy 42.5 26 Russia 41.1 27 Greece 40.7 28 Slovenia 40.3 29 Portugal 39.8 30 Czech Republic 37.9 31 Poland 36.3 32 Saudi Arabia 34.5 33 Hungary 33.2 34 Slovakia 31.0 35 Chile 30.8 36 South Africa 30.0 37 Turkey 29.5 38 Ukraine 29.1 39 Argentina 28.9 40 Croatia 28.5 41 Brazil 28.3 42 Bulgaria 28.1 43 Iran 27.9 44 Serbia 27.5 44 Malaysia 27.5 46 Romania 24.7 47 India 21.9 47 Thailand 21.9 49 Mexico 19.3 50 Indonesia 15.7 Resources
Rank Country Score 1 Switzerland 100.0 2 Sweden 96.7 3 Singapore 94.4 4 Denmark 93.7 5 Canada 93.5 6 Norway 92.9 7 Saudi Arabia 92.2 8 United States 91.5 9 Austria 89.3 10 Finland 86.9 11 Netherlands 82.3 12 Australia 78.3 13 United Kingdom 73.0 14 Hong Kong SAR 72.6 15 Belgium 72.1 16 France 68.5 17 Malaysia 68.1 18 Germany 66.8 19 New Zealand 63.4 20 Slovakia 61.5 21 Israel 58.2 22 Portugal 57.9 22 Turkey 57.9 24 Japan 57.1 25 Brazil 55.9 25 Chile 55.9 27 Korea 55.4 28 Taiwan-China 53.7 29 Poland 52.9 30 Spain 52.3 31 Serbia 50.5 32 Czech Republic 49.6 33 Ukraine 49.3 34 South Africa 45.4 35 Ireland 45.2 36 Mexico 44.8 37 Argentina 44.3 38 Slovenia 43.5 39 Italy 42.4 40 India 42.0 41 Croatia 41.6 42 China 41.5 43 Greece 38.5 44 Russia 37.2 45 Romania 36.8 46 Iran 36.2 47 Hungary 32.4 48 Bulgaria 31.1 49 Thailand 29.5 50 Indonesia 20.0 Descriptions
Country Description Argentina Argentina ranks equal 38th overall, which combines ranks of 37 in Resources, 32 in Environment, 41 in Connectivity and 39 in Output. In the Resources category, the level of government expenditure on higher education as a share of GDP is ranked at 15 but total expenditure per student is ranked much lower at 44. The difference is explained by the high enrolment rate, ranked at 7. In links with the private sector, Argentina is ranked 35th for knowledge transfer and 47th for articles written jointly with researchers from industry. Both published articles per head and their average impact are ranked 45th. Argentina is ranked highly at 5 for employment of graduates compared with school leavers. When the rankings are adjusted for differences in GDP per capita Argentina is ranked at 38; its overall score is below that expected for its level of income. Australia Australia ranks eighth overall, which combines ranks of 12 for Resources, 2 for Environment, 13 for Connectivity and 4 for Output. The ranking for Resources is pulled down by the low ranking (37th) for government expenditure on higher education, although the official data do not reflect the full cost of the student loans scheme. Private expenditure exceeds public expenditure and total expenditure as a share of GDP is ranked fifth. Expenditure per student, which includes research expenditure, is ranked ninth. In the Connectivity measures, Australia ranks fifth on the share of international students, but first on master’s degree enrolments. Links with the private sector are at average levels: 27th for joint publications with industry and 21st for knowledge transfer. Australia is ranked seventh on total publications and 12th on their average impact. On a per capita basis, it ranks fourth on research publications compared with tenth on research expenditure. In the share of publications with an international co-author Australia ranks 14th and the increase over the last seven years is the fifth highest. Australia ranks 12th for the (tertiary) educational qualifications of the labour force, but enrolment rates are ranked much higher. On a per capita basis, the national stock of researchers is ranked 17th. The unemployment rate for graduates compared with school leavers has fallen to 35th position. Australia is ranked tenth when levels of GDP per capita are taken into account and the score is above that expected at its income level. Austria Austria ranks 12th overall, which combines ranks of 9 for Resources, 24 for the Environment, 2 for Connectivity and 20 for Output. In Connectivity it ranks in the top six for three measures: the share of international students, articles co-authored with international researchers and articles co-authored with industry researchers. Austria ranks fourth for government expenditures and 11th for total expenditure as a share of GDP. Within Output, the highest ranks are 12th for both the number of national researchers per head of population and the depth of its universities, and 13th for tertiary enrolment rates. Austria ranks 15th on published articles per head of population, which compares unfavourably with research expenditure per head which is ranked fourth. Publications rank 13th on their average impact. When the rankings are adjusted for levels of GDP per capita, Austria’s ranking falls to 15th overall, but its score is above what is expected at its income level. Belgium Belgium ranks 13th overall, which combines ranks of 15 for Resources, 10 for Environment, 10 for Connectivity and 14 for Output. Total expenditure as a share of GDP is ranked 22nd but government expenditure is ranked ninth and expenditure per student is ranked 15th. Within the Connectivity module, Belgium is ranked third for the proportion of articles co-authored with international collaborators. It has good links with industry: ranked sixth for joint publications and 14th for knowledge transfer. In Output, Belgium is ranked 14th for publications per head and fourth for their average impact. It is ranked 16th on the quality of its top three universities. Belgium’s overall ranking is 14th when performance is adjusted for levels of GDP per capita and its score is above that expected for a country at its level of income. Brazil Brazil ranks 40th overall, which combines ranks of 25 for Resources, 42 for Environment, 47 for Connectivity and 41 for Output. The absence of official data on private expenditure and R&D expenditure means that the ranking for Resources is only an approximation. Government expenditure on higher education as a share of GDP is ranked 25th. Links with industry are limited: ranked 45th by business and 43rd for joint publications. International research links are rated 38th. In the Output module, Brazil is 13th on total publications but only 43rd on publications per head and 46th for their average impact. The country ranks 26th for the quality of its best three universities but is in the bottom 20 per cent for participation rate and the qualification of its workforce. When the country standings are adjusted for levels of GDP per capita, Brazil rises to 25th in the rankings and its score is around that expected at its income level. Bulgaria Bulgaria ranks 44th overall, which combines a ranking of 48 for Resources, 43 for Environment, 34 for Connectivity and 42 for Output. It ranks 43rd for government expenditure on higher education as a share of GDP and 42nd for total expenditure. Bulgaria is ranked 16th for employment of those with a tertiary qualification relative to school leavers — a fall of nine places from last year. Enrolment rates and the educational attainments of its workforce are around median levels. Publications per head are ranked at 36. Joint publications with international authors rank 29th and joint publications with industry 21st, but business ranks knowledge transfer with tertiary institutions at a low 46th. Taken together, these results imply that Connectivity is limited to specialised groups. When account is taken of the level of GDP per capita in each country, Bulgaria is ranked 40th and its score is below the expected level. Canada Canada is ranked sixth overall, which combines ranks of 5 for Resources, 13 for Environment, 9 for Connectivity and 6 for Output. In Resources, Canada ranks fourth for total expenditure as a share of GDP and seventh for expenditure per student. In the Output category, Canada is ranked fifth for total publications and eleventh for publications deflated by population. The average impact of publications is ranked 14th. Its best three universities are ranked fifth. Canada is ranked first for the formal educational qualifications of its workforce. In Connectivity, Canada ranks third for web impact and 21st for the share of publications that joint with international authors. Engagement with industry is above average: ranked 7th for knowledge transfer and 15th for joint publications. When levels of GDP per capita are taken into account, Canada ranks sixth overall and the score is well above that expected at its income level. Chile Chile ranks 32th overall, which combines ranks of 25 for Resources, 20 for Environment, 33 for Connectivity and 35 for Output. In the Resources category, Chile is ranked highly on total expenditure as a share of GDP (second) but much lower on expenditure per student (40th). However, public expenditure varies markedly across years. In the current ranking, both government expenditure as a share of GDP (data relate to 2016) and research expenditure rank 36th. In the Connectivity category, Chile ranks eighth in the share of articles co-authored with international collaborators but 41st in joint articles with industry. The score by business on the extent of knowledge transfer has fallen back to 37th. In Output, Chile does best on the tertiary enrolment rate (sixth) but the (tertiary) educational qualifications of its workforce remains low (ranked 37th). Chile ranks 37th for published articles per head of population. When levels of GDP per capita are allowed for, Chile ranks 32nd and is a little below that expected at its income level. China China ranks 27th overall, a rise of 12 places over the last seven years. The overall rank combines ranks of 42 for Resources, 16 for Environment, 40 for Connectivity and 22 for Output. In the Resources category, total expenditure on higher education as a share of GDP is ranked 30th. Within the Connectivity category, knowledge transfer with business is ranked 20th and the share of articles co-authored with industry is ranked 36th. Along with other countries with a large domestic research base, articles with international collaborators represent a low share of publications (ranked 46th), but domestic collaboration across universities is above median values (ranked 18th). In Output, China is ranked second on total publications but 44th when population is allowed for. Publications have doubled over the period 2010–17 and research expenditure has risen by 86 per cent over a similar period. China ranks in the top ten for the quality of its best three universities. When levels of GDP per capita are taken into account, China’s overall rank improves to 18th and its score is above that expected at its income level. Croatia Croatia ranks 43rd overall, which combines ranks of 41 for Resources, 47 for Environment, 38 for Connectivity and 40 for Output. As shares of GDP, public expenditure on higher education is ranked 23rd, total expenditure 44th and research expenditure 32nd. External joint publications are the highest ranked components in Connectivity: international co-authored papers are ranked at 31 and those co-authored with industry are ranked at 20. However, knowledge transfer with business is ranked at 47, suggesting that external links are with specialised groups. The Output category includes a rank of 27 for publications per head and their average impact is ranked at 36. Enrolment rates are at median levels. Croatia scores at median values for employment of those with a tertiary qualification compared with school leavers. Croatia’s overall rank improves to 35 when allowance is made for income differences across countries, but its overall score is less than expected at its level of income. Czech Republic The Czech Republic ranks 26th overall, which combines ranks of 32 for Resources, 34 for Environment, 21 for Connectivity and 30 for Output. As a share of GDP public expenditure is ranked 26th, total expenditure 40th and research expenditure 25th. The highest ranking in Connectivity is for the international student share (ninth). Joint publications with international authors rank 30th. The Czech Republic is ranked 18th for joint publications with industry but business views on knowledge transfer give a lower rank of 28. Most of the Output variables yield values around median levels, except that the country performs well on the criterion of unemployment levels for those with a tertiary qualification compared with school leavers (ranked 13th). Publications adjusted for population are ranked equal 20th and their impact 26th. The Output rank has remained remarkably stable over eight years of ranking. When levels of GDP per capita are taken into account the Czech Republic is ranked 20th and its score is about that expected at its level of income. Denmark Denmark is ranked fifth overall, which combines ranks of 4 for Resources, 22 for Environment, 5 for Connectivity and 5 for Output. Within the Resources category, it is ranked fifth for government expenditure as a share of GDP and 17th for total expenditure (public plus private) per student. Denmark is ranked first for spending on research and development by tertiary institutions (as a share of GDP) and second for the number of national researchers per head of population. In the Connectivity module, Denmark is ranked fourth by business for knowledge transfer, fifth for joint publications with industry, and seventh for joint publications with international authors. In Output it is ranked first for publications per head of population and third for their average impact. Denmark is ranked third for the overall quality of its universities. Denmark maintains its overall ranking of fifth when adjustment is made for different levels of GDP per capita. Its score is well above that expected at its level of income. Finland Finland ranks ninth overall, which combines ranks of 10 for Resources, 5 for Environment, 8 for Connectivity and 10 for Output. Small declines in the ranking for Resources and Output have led to a fall of three in the overall rank. Finland ranks third in government expenditure on higher education as a share of GDP and 13th on total expenditure (public plus private) per student. Allowing for population, Finland ranks sixth on publications which roughly matches its rank on research expenditure of eighth. The average impact of papers is ranked 11th. It ranks sixth in the number of national researchers per head of population. Enrolment rates are ranked tenth which compares with a rank of 13 for the tertiary qualifications of the workforce. In Connectivity, Finland is ranked fourth for web impact and 13th by business for knowledge transfer. In joint publications it is ranked ninth for those with international authors and tenth for those with industry. When levels of GDP per capita are taken into account Finland is ranked second and its score is well above what is expected given its level of income. France France ranks 17th overall, which combines ranks of 16 in Resources, 24 in Environment, 17 in Connectivity, and 16 in Output. Within the Resources category it is ranked 16th for government expenditure as a share of GDP, 18th for total expenditure per student and 15th for research expenditure. In Connectivity, France ranks 12th for joint publications with industry, 12th for joint publications with international authors and 13th for international students. In the Output module, France is ranked sixth for the standing of its best three universities. The total number of publications by the country’s universities is ranked tenth but this falls to 28th when adjusted for population. Publications have increased by only 2.5 per cent over the period 2010–17, the third lowest increase. The average impact of publications is ranked 18th. France is ranked 20th for researchers per head. The enrolment rate is ranked 30th and the tertiary education qualifications of the workforce 22nd. When levels of GDP per capita are taken into account, France’s overall rank is 21 and its score is around the level expected at its level of income. Germany Germany is ranked 16th overall, which combines ranks of 18 for Resources, 28 for Environment, 14 for Connectivity and 13 for Output. In the Resources category it ranks 37th on total expenditure (public plus private) as a share of GDP but 16th on expenditure per student. The difference is explained by the lower rank (26th) for the participation rate in higher education. In tertiary qualifications of the work force, Germany is ranked at 27 and has shown the smallest increase over the period 2010-17. In Connectivity, Germany performs well on links with industry: ranked eighth for joint publications and ninth for knowledge transfer. It ranks 23rd for the share of publications that have international co-authors. In Output, German universities are ranked fourth for total publications, 22nd for publications deflated by population and 15th for average impact even though research expenditure is ranked 11th. Germany ranks seventh for the standing of its best three universities. The Environment score is pulled down in part because the points awarded for national policy disadvantage federations. When levels of GDP per capita are taken into account Germany’s overall ranking falls to 29th and its score is around the level expected given its level of income. Greece Greece is ranked equal 37th overall, which combines ranks of 43 for Resources, 50 for Environment, 26 for Connectivity and 27 for Output. The Resources rank has fallen largely owing to better data. Greece ranks 31st for government expenditure on higher education as a share of GDP but 47th for expenditure per student. This difference is explained by the high recorded participation rate in tertiary education (ranked equal first). The low Environment rank occurs because of an excessively centralised system and a low grade from business. In Connectivity, Greece is ranked 22nd for joint publications with industry but the tertiary system is rated lower by business for knowledge transfer (41st). The share of publications with an international co-author is ranked 20th and has shown the second largest increase of the 50 countries over the period 2010–17. Other than for the highly-ranked participation rate, the rankings for all the Output measures lie around median values: ranging from a rank of 22 for the average impact of research articles to 31st for the quality of its best three universities. On a per head basis, the rank for publications (25th) roughly matches that for research expenditure (28th), but publications have only increased by 1.6 per cent over the period 2010–17. When account is taken of levels of per capita GDP, Greece’s overall ranking improves to 28th and is around the level expected at its level of income. Hong Kong SAR Hong Kong SAR is ranked 15th overall, which combines ranks of 14 for Resources, 4 for Environment, 19 for Connectivity and 18 for Output. The Environment score is high reflecting a system that gives significant autonomy to institutions while maintaining overall surveillance. Government expenditure on higher education as a share of GDP has fallen and is now ranked 24th, a fall of eight places in two years. Total expenditure per student is ranked sixth. In Connectivity, the higher education sector is ranked 17th for business satisfaction with the extent of knowledge transfer but is ranked lower at 32nd for articles written with industry. Web-based connectivity is ranked 12th. In the Output category, Hong Kong SAR is ranked 12th on publications per head and sixth on the average impact of articles. When account is taken of levels of GDP per capita Hong Kong’s ranking falls to 30th and its score is around the level expected at its relatively high income level. Hungary Hungary is ranked equal 35th overall, which combines ranks of 47 for Resources, 46 for Environment, 18 for Connectivity and 33 for Output. Government expenditure on higher education as a share of GDP ranks 47th and total expenditure ranks 48th. Research expenditure has declined by 36 per cent over the period 2009–16 and as a share of GDP is now ranked 39th. Total expenditure per student ranks 36th. The Connectivity ranking includes third in joint publications with industry but business ranks knowledge transfer lower at 30th. Joint publications with international authors rank 18th. Within the Output category, Hungary is ranked third for tertiary qualifications of the workforce compared with those who left after completing final year of schooling. It is ranked 32nd on publications per head and 27th for their impact. When account is taken of relative levels of GDP per capita, Hungary’s ranking is 33rd and its score is below that expected at its income level. India India is ranked 49th overall, which combines ranks of 40 for Resources, 38 for Environment, 49 for Connectivity and 47 for Output. It is ranked 19th for government expenditure on higher education as a share of GDP. In common with other large countries with a sizeable domestic research base, India ranks well down for joint publications with international authors (49th) but much higher on domestic research links across institutions (ranked 16th). Joint publications with industry are ranked 45th, but India is scored higher by business on knowledge transfer (ranked 33rd). India rates lowly for web connectivity. Within the Output category, India ranks 9th on total publications but 49th on publications per head, which roughly matches the research expenditure rank of 47. Publications have doubled over the period 2010–17, the sixth largest increase among the 50 countries. The average impact of articles is ranked 43rd. When account is taken of relative levels of GDP per capita, India’s overall ranking rises to 19th owing mainly to a large increase in the ranking for Resources (now 12th). India’s GDP-adjusted overall score is around the level expected at its income level. Indonesia Indonesia is ranked 50th overall, which combines ranks of 50 for Resources, 30 for Environment, 46 for Connectivity and 50 for Output. It is ranked 49th for government expenditure on higher education as a share of GDP. In Connectivity, Indonesia ranks in the bottom decile for publications with international authors and 32th for knowledge transfer with business. Indonesian publications increased sharply in 2017, apparently owing to a widening in journal coverage. Publications now rank 37th, as does the employment rate of the tertiary educated compared with school leavers. In all other Output measures, Indonesia is ranked in the lowest decile. It loses points for not having a university in the Shanghai top 1000. When allowance is made for levels of per capita GDP, Indonesia’s overall ranking remains at 50 and the score is well below that expected at its income level. Iran Iran is ranked 48th overall, which combines ranks of 46 for Resources, 41 for Environment, 50 for Connectivity and 43 for Output. Government expenditure on higher education as a share of GDP is ranked 35th. Connectivity remains very low. Iran ranks 50th for joint publications with industry and 47th for joint publications with international authors. Web-based impact is ranked 45th. Over the period 2010–17 the number of publications doubled, the fifth largest increase of any of the 50 countries and Iran is now ranked 17th. However, when population is allowed for, the rank falls to 40th. The average impact of articles is ranked 42nd. Iran ranks 25th for enrolment rates and 40th for the (tertiary) educational qualifications of its workforce. When account is taken of levels of GDP per capita, the rank for Output improves to 26th and is about the level expected at Iran’s level of income. However, the improvement in the overall rank is only marginal (to 44th) and this score is below that expected at Iran’s level of income. Ireland Ireland is ranked 19th overall, which combines ranks of 35 for Resources, 18 for Environment, 14 for Connectivity and 15 for Output. Government expenditure as a share of GDP is ranked 45th, a fall of 25 places since the 2017 ranking. Expenditure per student is ranked 23rd. In Connectivity, the business rating of knowledge transfer is ranked highly at sixth. Joint publications with industry are ranked 23rd and with international authors 16th. The latter have increased by seven ranks over the period 2010–17. Under Output, Ireland is ranked 9th on publications per head of population and 20th on their average impact. It ranks 11th for the educational levels of its workforce and tenth for employment of those with a tertiary qualification compared with school leavers. When account is taken of relative levels of GDP per capita the overall ranking is 41st, but because of the importance of foreign firms in Ireland the rank would be much higher if Gross National Income was used as a measure of income. Israel Israel is ranked 18th overall, which combines ranks of 21 for Resources, 18 for Environment, 20 for Connectivity and 11 for Output. Israel ranks 34th for government expenditure on higher education as a share of GDP, which improves to 24th when private expenditure is added. Expenditure per student is ranked 28th. Expenditure by tertiary institutions on R&D as a percentage of GDP is ranked 14th. Israel is ranked first for the number of researchers in the country per head of population and fourth for the tertiary qualifications of the workforce. It is ranked tenth for the depth of quality universities. Research output per head of population is ranked 17th and the average impact of articles is ranked 19th. Israel is ranked fifth for knowledge transfer with business and 24th for joint articles with industry. It is ranked 24th for international co-authorship of publications. Web impact is ranked 18th. When account is taken of relative levels of GDP per capita, the overall ranking improves to 11th and the score is above that expected at Israel’s income level. Italy Italy is ranked 30th overall, which combines ranks of 39 for Resources, 37 for Environment, 27 for Connectivity and 25 for Output. Government expenditure on higher education as a share of GDP has fallen and is now ranked 46th; total expenditure per student (including research and private expenditure) is ranked 27th. In Connectivity, joint publications of academics with industry are ranked 19th and joint publications with international authors 26th. Knowledge transfer with firms is ranked 27th. In the Output category, Italian tertiary institutions publish the eighth largest number of journal articles but this rank falls to 23 when deflated by population size, matching the rank of 24 for research expenditure per head. The average impact of articles is ranked 16th. The three best performing universities are ranked 22nd. Italy ranks 43rd on the education qualifications of its workforce and 35th on number of researchers per head of population. When account is taken of relative levels of GDP per capita, Italy’s ranking falls to 34th and its score is below the average at its income level. Japan Japan is ranked 20th overall, which combines ranks of 24 for Resources, 21 for Environment, 25 for Connectivity and 21 for Output, little changed from last year. Japan is ranked last for government expenditure as a share of GDP but total expenditure (of which two-thirds is private) is ranked 29th. Because the participation rate is below median levels, expenditure per student is ranked 11th. Connectivity is predominantly internal: Japan ranks seventh for the percentage of articles written jointly with industry collaborators and the business rank for knowledge transfer is 24th. Domestic research links across universities are ranked eighth. In contrast, the percentage of articles co-authored with international researchers is ranked a lowly 42nd and the international student share is ranked 32nd. In Output, Japan ranks sixth on total articles published but 33rd when population size is allowed for, lower than the rank for research expenditure of 20. Both the number of publications and research expenditure have remained relatively static over the past seven years. The average impact of articles is ranked 38th. Japan ranks fourth on the quality of its best three universities. It ranks third on the educational qualifications of its workforce and 11th for the number of researchers in the country. When account is taken of relative levels of GDP per capita, Japan’s rank falls to 39 and is below the level expected at its income level. Korea Korea is ranked 23rd overall, which combines ranks of 27 for Resources, 44 for Environment, 30 for Connectivity and 17 for Output. Government expenditure on higher education as a share of GDP has fallen markedly to 36 per cent of total expenditure and is now ranked 42nd. Total expenditure as a share of GDP ranks eighth but expenditure per student ranks much lower at 33rd because Korea has the fourth highest participation rate. The rank for Environment is pulled down by the relatively low proportion of students and staff who are female. Korean links with industry are ranked 13th for joint publications but 23rd for knowledge transfer. Joint publications with international authors are ranked 43rd but domestic research links across universities are ranked seventh. In the Output category, Korea ranks 12th on total publications but 24th when adjusted for population size, a similar rank as for research expenditure. The average impact of publications is ranked at 32. Korea ranks seventh on the education qualifications of its workforce and fourth on total researchers in the nation (adjusted for population). When account is taken of relative levels of GDP per capita, Korea’s overall rank falls to 36 and is below that expected at its income level. Malaysia Malaysia is ranked 28th overall, which combines ranks of 17 for Resources, 9 for Environment, 31 for Connectivity and 44 for Output. Government expenditure on higher education has fallen from previous high levels and Malaysia’s rank on this measure has fallen from eighth to 18th. Expenditure on R&D in tertiary institutions as a share of GDP is ranked 22nd. In Connectivity, Malaysia is ranked 18th for knowledge transfer with business, but 49th for joint publications with industry. Joint publications with international authors are ranked 32nd. Malaysian institutions are ranked 24th for total publications and 34th for publications per head of population and 33rd for the average impact of articles. Over the period 2008–15 research expenditure by tertiary institutions increased over threefold, the highest increase for any country. This increase is reflected in a more than doubling of research publications over the period 2010–17, ranked second. The country is ranked 38th for the educational attainment of the workforce and 31st for the number of researchers in the nation (adjusted for population). When account is taken of relative levels of GDP per capita, Malaysia’s overall ranking improves to 27th and the estimated overall score is at the level expected at its income level. Mexico Mexico is ranked 47th overall, which combines ranks of 36 for Resources, 24 for Environment, 45 for Connectivity and 49 for Output. As a share of GDP, government expenditure is ranked 21st and total expenditure 28th, but research expenditure is ranked lower at 40th. Expenditure per student is ranked 38th. In Connectivity, Mexico ranks 46th for joint publications with industry and 38th for knowledge transfer. Joint publications with international authors are ranked 36th. Domestic research links between universities are around median levels. Web connectivity is well below average. In Output, Mexico is ranked 34th for total publications but 48th when adjusted for population. Over the period 2010–17 the increase in publications has been above average (ranked 15th). Tertiary enrolment rates are ranked 47nd. When account is taken of levels of GDP per capita Mexico’s overall rank is 49 and the overall score is well below that expected at Mexico’s level of income. Netherlands The Netherlands is ranked tenth overall, which combines ranks of 11 for Resources, 8 for Environment, 4 for Connectivity and 8 for Output. It is ranked 12th for total expenditure on higher education (which is 70 per cent government funded) as a share of GDP. Expenditure per student is ranked 12th. The Netherlands ranks highly for Connectivity with business: second for joint publications and sixth for knowledge transfer. Joint publications with international authors are ranked 10th and web connectivity is above average. In Output, the Netherlands performs strongly in research publications per head (seventh, which exactly matches the research expenditure rank) and their average impact is ranked second. The participation rate is ranked 19th, and the education qualifications of the workforce 20th. The standing of its universities is high: ranked seventh for depth (the Netherlands has the most even spread of publications across institutions) and 12th for its best three universities. The Netherlands ranks 14th for the national stock of researchers per head. When account is taken of levels of GDP per capita the overall rank is 13. The scores for each of the four broad categories and overall are above those expected at the Netherland’s income level. New Zealand New Zealand is ranked 14th overall, which combines ranks of 19 for Resources, 3 for Environment, 12 for Connectivity and 18 for Output. For expenditure as a share of GDP, New Zealand is ranked 28th for government expenditure and tenth for total expenditure. In Connectivity, New Zealand’s highest score is for the percentage of students who are international, where it is ranked second. It is ranked 13th for publications with international researchers and 25th for publications with industry. Joint publications across domestic institutions are ranked in the bottom quintile. The rank for business views on knowledge transfer continues to fall and is now ranked 25th. On a per capita basis, New Zealand is ranked seventh for publications per head but 22nd for research expenditure: the difference is indicative of high productivity. It ranks 17th on the average impact of publications. New Zealand’s tertiary enrolment rate is ranked 16th and the tertiary educational qualifications of its workforce 19th. When account is taken of relative levels of GDP per capita, New Zealand’s rank improves to eighth and its score is above the level expected at its income level. Norway Norway is ranked 11th overall, which combines ranks of 6 for Resources, 17 for Environment, 16 for Connectivity and 9 for Output. In expenditure as a share of GDP, Norway is ranked 2nd for public expenditure (95 per cent of total expenditure) and 12th for total expenditure. Expenditure per student is ranked eighth. In Connectivity, co-authorship with international collaborators is ranked 11th and with industry 14th. Web connectivity is ranked eighth. There is a matching of research expenditure as a share of GDP with research publications per head: both are ranked fifth. Norway ranks ninth for the average impact of publications. It is ranked 18th for participation rates in higher education, 14th for the tertiary educational qualifications of the workforce and eighth for the number of national researchers per head. Norway’s overall rank falls to 22nd when account is taken of levels of GDP per head and the overall score is around that expected at its high income level. Poland Poland is ranked 31st overall, which combines ranks of 29 for Resources, 15 for Environment, 40 for Connectivity and 31 for Output. In expenditure as a share of GDP, Poland is ranked 17th for public expenditure, 32nd for total expenditure and 30th for research expenditure. Connectivity with industry is below average: Poland ranks 39th for both joint articles with industry and knowledge transfer with business. In joint articles with international collaborators Poland is ranked 41st. Web connectivity is around the median. In Output, Poland is ranked 19th on published articles but this falls to 30th when adjusted for population. The average impact of articles is ranked 30th. Participation rates are ranked 29th and the tertiary educational qualifications of the workforce 26th. Poland performs well (fourth) on the employment rates of those with a tertiary qualification compared with those who only complete final year of schooling. Poland’s rank improves to 24th when account is taken of levels of GDP per capita and its score is around that expected at its income level. Portugal Portugal is ranked 25th overall, which combines ranks of 22 for Resources, 35 for Environment, 23 for Connectivity and 29 for Output. In expenditure as a share of GDP, Portugal is ranked 30th for public expenditure and 35th for total expenditure. Under the heading of Connectivity, Portugal is ranked 15th for joint publications with international researchers and 34th for publications with industry. Knowledge transfer with business is ranked 24th. Publications per head are ranked 18th matching research expenditure at 19th, but research expenditure has been stagnant over the period 2009–16. Portugal ranks 32nd in the tertiary educational qualifications of the workforce but the increase over the period 2010–17 has been the fifth largest. After allowing for population, Portugal ranks 23rd for the number of researchers in the country. When account is taken of relative levels of GDP per capita, Portugal’s ranking improves to 12th (fifth on Output) and its score is above that expected at its level of income. Romania Romania is ranked 45th overall, which combines ranks of 45 for Resources, 31 for Environment, 42 for Connectivity and 46 for Output. Total expenditure as a share of GDP is ranked 39th; research expenditure is ranked 43rd. The level of research expenditure has fallen by the second largest percentage over the last seven years, reflected in a fall of six places in publications. The Environment measure benefits from institutions having a relatively high percentage of female staff (ranked fifth). In the Connectivity measures, joint publications with international authors are ranked 45th and those with co-authors from industry are ranked 38th. Transfer of knowledge with business is ranked 43rd. Romania is ranked 35th on research articles per head and 41st on their average impact. When account is taken of relative levels of GDP per capita Romania is ranked 42nd and its score is below that expected at its level of income. Russia Russia is ranked equal 35th overall, which combines ranks of 44 for Resources, 28 for Environment, 44 for Connectivity and 26 for Output. In expenditure as a share of GDP, Russia is ranked 39th for public expenditure, 41st for total expenditure and 42nd for research expenditure. In the Connectivity module, Russia universities are relatively weak on interactions with industry: ranked 44th for joint publications with industry and 42nd for knowledge transfer with firms. Russia ranks 44th for joint publications with international researchers. In the Output module, Russia is ranked second for the educational qualifications of its workforce and ninth for the employment rates of those with a tertiary qualification compared with school leavers. Total research publications rank 15th, publications per head 42nd and their average impact 34th. Over the period 2010–17 the increase in the number of publications is ranked third. When account is taken of relative levels of GDP per capita the rank is 46 and the GDP adjusted score for Russia is well below that expected at its income level. Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabia is ranked equal 22nd overall, which combines ranks of 7 for Resources, 45 for Environment, 28 for Connectivity and 32 for Output. It is ranked first for government expenditure on higher education as a share of GDP. In the Connectivity module, Saudi Arabia is ranked first for the share of publications that have an international collaborator but it is ranked only 40th for joint publications with industry. Web connectivity is in the lowest decile. The highest score in the Output module is for the quality of its best three universities which are ranked 14th. Saudi Arabia is ranked 39th for publications per head and 21st for their average impact. Publications have increased nearly fourfold over the period 2010–17, the largest percentage increase for any country. Saudi Arabia’s high level of GDP per capita inevitably means that its ranking falls (to 48th) when income levels are allowed for. The GDP adjusted score for Saudi Arabia is well below that expected at its income level. Serbia Serbia is ranked 41st overall, which combines ranks of 31 for Resources, 49 for Environment, 37 for Connectivity and 44 for Output. Government expenditure on higher education as a share of GDP is ranked 13th and expenditure by institutions on R&D is ranked 29th. Over the last seven years, research expenditure has fallen by the fifth largest percentage but the number of publications has increased by the 11th largest percentage. Serbia ranks 42nd on joint publications with industry and 27th on joint publications with international authors. In the Output module, Serbia ranks 31st in publications per head and 44th in their average impact. It is ranked 30th for the tertiary education qualifications of the work force and 37th for the tertiary enrolment rate. In per capita terms, Serbia ranks 34th for the national stock of researchers. When account is taken of relative levels of GDP per capita Serbia’s rank jumps to third place and the score is well above that expected for its level of income. Singapore Singapore is ranked seventh overall, which combines ranks of 3 for Resources, 7 for Environment, 6 for Connectivity and 12 for Output. It ranks 22nd for government expenditure on tertiary education as a share of GDP but first for total expenditure (public plus private) per student. Singapore ranks second for R&D expenditure by universities per head of population and this is reflected in the ranking of eighth for publications per head and fifth for their average impact. In the Connectivity category, it ranks first for the relative importance of international students and fourth for joint publications with international authors (ranked sixth for the increase over 2010–17). Domestic research links across institutions are strong (ranked third). In engagement with the private sector, Singapore ranks eighth for knowledge transfer with firms but 33rd for joint scientific publications with industry. The (tertiary) educational qualifications of the workforce and the number of national researchers per head are both ranked sixth. When allowance is made for national levels of GDP per head Singapore’s ranking falls to 23rd but the score is around what is expected at its high income level. Slovakia Slovakia is ranked 33rd overall, which combines ranks of 20 for Resources, 40 for Environment, 36 for Connectivity and 34 for Output. The OECD expenditure data has been extended to cover all the tertiary sector with a consequent increase in the rank for Resources of 11 places. Total expenditure as a share of GDP is ranked 20th; government expenditure tenth; research expenditure 34th. However, total research expenditure has more than doubled over the period 2009–16, the third largest increase. Slovakia is ranked 29th for publications per head and 25th for their average impact. Research links across domestic institutions are ranked 43rd. Within the Connectivity module, Slovakia is ranked 34th for joint publications with international researchers, 31st for joint scientific publications with industry and 48th for knowledge transfer with firms. On a per capita basis, the national stock of researchers ranks 30th. Slovakia ranks seventh for the employment rate of those with a tertiary qualification compared with school leavers. When account is taken of relative levels of GDP per capita, Slovakia is ranked 37th and its score is below that expected at its income level. Slovenia Slovenia is ranked 29th overall, which combines ranks of 38 for Resources, 36 for Environment, 24 for Connectivity and 28 for Output. It is ranked around the median level for many of the indicators. Government expenditure on higher education as a share of GDP is ranked 29th but because private expenditure is low (15 per cent) total expenditure is ranked 43rd. On a per capita basis, publications per head rank 19th, a creditable performance given that R&D expenditure by tertiary institutions ranks only 35th. In the Connectivity module, joint scientific papers with industry are ranked 17th and business ranks knowledge transfer 29th. The share of publications that are joint with international authors is ranked 19th but domestic research links across universities rank only 48th. The participation rate in higher education is ranked 20th; the tertiary qualification rate of the labour force is ranked 23rd but shows the largest improvement of all 50 countries over the last seven years. On a per capita basis Slovenia is ranked 22nd for the number of researchers in the nation. When allowance is made for levels of GDP per capita, Slovenia is ranked 26th and the score is around that expected at its income level. South Africa South Africa is ranked 34th overall, which combines ranks of 34 for resources, 22 for Environment, 32 for Connectivity and 36 for Output. Government expenditure on higher education as a share of GDP is ranked 38th and research expenditure 33rd. In Connectivity, South Africa is 22nd for the percentage of joint publications with international researchers; 28th for joint publications with industry (which show the eighth largest increase over the last seven years); and 34th for knowledge transfer with firms. But web-based connectivity is in the bottom decile. The tertiary education sector is ranked equal 25th for total publications, 41st for publications per head and 23rd for their average impact. Over the last seven years the increases in research expenditure and publications are ranked sixth and seventh, respectively. Both enrolment rates and the educational qualifications of the workforce are in the bottom decile. It ranks first for the employment of those with a tertiary qualification compare with school leavers. When allowance is made for differences in GDP per head, South Africa’s rank jumps to fourth and the score is well above that expected at its level of income. Spain Spain is ranked 24th overall, which combines ranks of 30 for Resources, 33 for Environment, 29 for Connectivity and 23 for Output. As a share of GDP, Spain is ranked 32nd for government expenditure on higher education (about 70 per cent of total expenditure), 36th for total expenditure and 27th for research expenditure. Total research expenditure has fallen over the last seven years but notwithstanding the increase in publications is ranked 34th. In engagement with the private sector, Spain ranks 26th for joint scientific publications with industry and 36th for knowledge transfer. Joint publications with international collaborators are ranked 25th. Spain’s tertiary institutions are ranked 21st for web connectivity. In Output, Spain is ranked 11th for total publications and 21st on a per capita basis. The average impact of published articles is ranked 24th. In the educational qualifications of the workforce Spain is ranked 21st but it is ranked fifth on enrolments. On a per capita basis, the national stock of researchers is ranked 27th. When allowance is made for differences in GDP per head, Spain’s rank is 31 and its score is around that expected at its level of income. Sweden Sweden is ranked fourth overall, which combines ranks of 2 for Resources, 14 for Environment, 7 for Connectivity and 7 for Output. In Resources as a share of GDP, Sweden is ranked seventh for government expenditure (about 90 per cent of total expenditure), 18th for total expenditure and third for research expenditure. Expenditure per student is ranked fifth. Sweden’s lowest rank is for the policy Environment, which owes to its score for institutional autonomy being only around median values. Sweden performs well in engagement with industry: it ranks fourth for joint publications and 11th for knowledge transfer. It ranks fifth for joint publications with international researchers and 11th for research links across domestic universities. It is in the top ten for web connectivity. In Output, Sweden is ranked third for publications per head and eighth for their average impact. Over the last seven years the percentage increases in the level of research expenditure and publications have been around median levels. Sweden’s university sector is ranked second for average quality. The country is ranked 16th for the (tertiary) educational qualifications of its workforce. On a per capita basis, Sweden ranks third for the number of researchers in the nation. When allowance is made for levels of GDP per capita, Sweden is ranked seventh overall and its score is well above that expected at its level of income. Switzerland Switzerland is ranked second overall, which combines ranks of 1 for Resources, 12 for Environment, 1 for Connectivity and 3 for Output. Government expenditure on higher education as a share of GDP ranks eighth and expenditure per student third. Connectivity within the nation and externally is high. It is rated first for knowledge transfer with firms, ninth for joint publications with industry, and second for joint publications with international researchers. It is fourth for the proportion of students who are international. Web-based impact is ranked second. On a per capita basis, Switzerland is ranked second for publications which reflects its number one rank for R&D expenditure. Publications are ranked number one for average impact. Its universities are ranked first for average quality. Switzerland ranks 15th for the (tertiary) educational qualifications of its workforce and the increase over the last seven years is ranked fourth. It is ranked 10th for the number of researchers in the nation per head of population. When levels of GDP per capita are taken into account, Switzerland is ranked ninth and its score is well above that expected at its level of income. Taiwan-China Taiwan–China is ranked 21st overall, which combines ranks of 28 for Resources, 11 for Environment, 223 for Connectivity and 24 for Output. Expenditure on higher education as a share of GDP is ranked 23rd, of which 55 per cent is private. In Connectivity, knowledge transfer with firms is ranked 16th but joint scientific publications with industry are ranked lower at 30th. Joint publications with international researchers are ranked 39th but domestic research links across universities are ranked fifth. Taiwan–China ranks 15th for Web connectivity. In Output, it is ranked 21st for total publications (although stagnant over the last seven years) and 39th for their average impact. It is ranked ninth for the educational qualifications of its workforce (second largest increase over the last seven years) and 12th for the enrolment rate in higher education. Taiwan–China is well provided with researchers per head of population, where it is ranked seventh. When levels of GDP per capita are taken into account, Taiwan–China slips to 43rd in the ranking and is below the level expected at its income level. Thailand Thailand is ranked 46th overall, which combines ranks of 49 for Resources, 27 for Environment, 35 for Connectivity and 47 for Output. Government expenditure on higher education as a share of GDP is ranked 44th and expenditure on R&D is ranked 41st. In Connectivity, knowledge transfer with industry is ranked 26th and joint publications with industry 29th. Joint articles with international researchers are ranked 28th. Publications per head are ranked 46th and their average impact 37th. Over the most recent seven years for which data are available, the level of research expenditure has doubled (ranked second) and publications have increased by 63 per cent (ranked tenth). The (tertiary) educational qualifications of the workforce is ranked 44th. When levels of GDP per capita are taken into account, Thailand ranks 45th and the adjusted score is well below that expected at its level of income. Turkey Turkey is ranked equal 42nd overall, which combines ranks of 22 for Resources, 48 for Environment, 48 for Connectivity and 37 for Output. Calculated as shares of GDP, government expenditure on higher education ranks 11th, eleventh, total expenditure ranks 17th, and research expenditure by tertiary institutions ranks 24th. The level of research expenditure shows the fifth largest percentage increase over the most recent seven years for which data are available. Connectivity is weak for the included indicators: the highest rank is 41 for Web impact. Knowledge transfer as viewed by business is ranked 40th; joint articles with international authors and with industry are each ranked 48th. However, domestic research links across institutions are relatively strong (ranked sixth). In Output, Turkish institutions of higher education rank 16th for total publications but 38th for publications per head. Citations per article are ranked 47th. Participation rates are ranked third but it will take time for this to flow through fully to the educational qualifications of the workforce (currently ranked 41st). On a per capita basis, the number of researchers is ranked 38th. When levels of GDP per capita are taken into account, Turkey’s rank is 47th and its score is well below that expected at its level of income. Ukraine Ukraine is ranked equal 38th overall, which combines ranks of 33 for Resources, 39 for Environment, 43 for Connectivity and 38 for Output. Ukraine is ranked sixth for government expenditure on higher education as a share of GDP. However, because of the relatively high participation rate (ranked 14th) total expenditure per student is in the lower decile. R&D expenditure by tertiary institutions as a share of GDP has a low ranking of 45. In Connectivity, Ukraine ranks 30th for joint scientific publications with industry but only 46th for knowledge transfer. It ranks 35th for joint publications with international authors and 44th for knowledge transfer with business. In Output, Ukraine loses points for not having a flagship university in the Shanghai top 1000. Ukraine ranks 45th for total publications, 47th for publications per head of population, and 50th for their average impact. Over the last seven years the level of research expenditure has shown the largest percentage decrease of any of the 50 countries but publications have increased by the ninth highest percentage. The level of (tertiary) educational qualifications of its workforce is ranked sixth. Using per capita figures, the number of national researchers is ranked 40th. When levels of GDP per capita are taken into account, Ukraine’s overall ranking improves to 16th and its score is above that expected at its income level. United Kingdom The United Kingdom is ranked third overall, which combines ranks of 13 for Resources, 6 for Environment, 3 for Connectivity and 2 for Output. Total expenditure on higher education as a share of GDP is ranked seventh. The OECD method of splitting total expenditure between public and private is not consistent over time, but in the current data public expenditure ranks 48th. Expenditure per student is ranked fourth which reflects the lower than average participation rate (ranked 38th). Connectivity with industry is relatively strong: the United Kingdom ranks second for knowledge transfer with business and 11th for joint scientific publications. In the share of publications with an international author, the United Kingdom ranks 17th and the increase over the last seven years is the fourth highest. It ranks third for the percentage of students who are international and fifth for the number of times external users access websites. In the Output category, the United Kingdom ranks third for total publications and seventh for the average impact of articles. On a per capita basis, research publications rank tenth compared with a rank of 18 for research expenditure, which implies an above-average level of efficiency. The level of research expenditure has been stagnant over the last seven years. The United Kingdom ranks second for the quality of its best three universities. It is ranked tenth for the (tertiary) educational qualifications of the workforce. In per capita terms, the United Kingdom ranks 18th for the national stock of researchers. When levels of GDP per capita are taken into account, the United Kingdom is ranked first and its score is well above the level expected at its income level. United States The United States is ranked first overall, which combines ranks of 8 for Resources, 1 for Environment, 11 for Connectivity and 1 for Output. Expenditure on higher education as a share of GDP is ranked first (public expenditure has fallen to one-third of the total) and expenditure per student second. Links with the private sector are strong: knowledge transfer is rated third and joint scientific publications 16th. However, as is expected for other large countries, the percentage of publications that are joint with international authors ranks much lower at 37, but domestic research links across institutions are strong (ranked fourth). Although the United States has the largest absolute number of international students, as a share of its total students it ranks only 24th. It ranks first for the number of times external users access websites of tertiary institutions even when adjusted for population. In Output, the United States is first for total publications, but over the period 2010–17 the percentage increase was ranked in the lowest quintile. On a per capita basis it ranks 19th for publications, similar to the rank for research expenditure of 16. It ranks in the top ten for average impact of publications. The United States ranks eighth for both participation rates and the (tertiary) educational credentials of its workforce. It is ranked first for the quality of its best three universities. On a per capita basis it is ranked 19th for the national stock of researchers. When levels of GDP per capita are taken into account, the overall rank for the United States falls to 17th but its score is above the level expected at its income level. Overall - Dev
Rank Country Score 1 United Kingdom 19.5 2 Finland 19.4 3 Serbia 18.7 4 South Africa 17.2 5 Denmark 16.9 6 Canada 14.6 7 Sweden 13.9 8 New Zealand 13.3 9 Switzerland 13.0 10 Australia 12.7 11 Israel 11.4 12 Portugal 10.9 13 Netherlands 8.7 14 Belgium 5.9 15 Austria 5.0 16 Ukraine 4.8 17 United States 3.8 18 China 2.6 19 India -3.6 20 Czech Republic -4.0 21 France -5.2 22 Norway -5.5 23 Singapore -5.6 24 Poland -7.0 25 Brazil -7.3 26 Slovenia -7.3 27 Malaysia -7.7 28 Greece -7.7 29 Germany -10.1 30 Hong Kong SAR -10.3 31 Spain -10.8 32 Chile -14.7 33 Hungary -15.2 34 Italy -19.4 35 Croatia -19.6 36 Korea -20.2 37 Slovakia -21.6 38 Argentina -23.1 39 Japan -23.5 40 Bulgaria -23.7 41 Ireland -24.1 42 Romania -24.4 43 Taiwan-China -24.5 44 Iran -25.5 45 Thailand -25.9 46 Russia -27.4 47 Turkey -28.6 48 Saudi Arabia -39.5 49 Mexico -43.5 50 Indonesia -62.0 Connectivity - Dev
Rank Country Score 1 Ukraine 59.9 2 United Kingdom 37.9 3 Austria 30.3 4 New Zealand 26.6 5 Hungary 25.7 6 Switzerland 23.6 7 South Africa 22.4 8 Canada 20.2 9 Finland 19.9 10 Denmark 16.5 11 Netherlands 14.2 12 Serbia 13.1 13 Belgium 13.0 14 Czech Republic 10.7 15 Sweden 9.6 16 Portugal 7.7 17 Australia 7.3 18 India 5.3 19 Greece 4.6 20 France 3.9 21 Germany 3.0 22 Bulgaria -0.7 23 Thailand -1.2 24 United States -6.5 25 Israel -7.2 26 Slovenia -12.6 27 Singapore -16.7 28 Italy -17.2 29 Taiwan-China -18.5 30 China -18.8 31 Ireland -19.2 32 Malaysia -20.8 33 Romania -21.9 34 Hong Kong SAR -22.7 35 Spain -24.4 36 Poland -27.2 37 Norway -28.0 38 Japan -28.2 39 Slovakia -29.6 40 Argentina -29.6 41 Indonesia -37.3 42 Chile -40.7 43 Russia -43.2 44 Korea -44.4 45 Brazil -45.7 46 Croatia -49.4 47 Saudi Arabia -61.2 48 Mexico -63.4 49 Turkey -68.4 50 Iran -75.4 Environment - Dev
Rank Country Score 1 United States 26.5 2 Australia 22.8 3 New Zealand 20.0 4 Hong Kong SAR 18.4 5 Finland 17.3 6 United Kingdom 15.4 7 Singapore 14.8 8 Netherlands 12.8 9 Malaysia 12.1 10 Belgium 10.1 11 Taiwan-China 9.9 12 Canada 7.5 13 Switzerland 7.2 14 Sweden 7.1 15 China 5.3 16 Poland 4.4 17 Israel 4.3 18 Norway 4.1 19 Ireland 3.9 20 Chile 2.4 21 Denmark 2.0 22 France 1.4 23 Austria 1.4 24 Japan 1.4 25 Thailand -0.6 26 South Africa -0.6 27 Mexico -0.7 28 Indonesia -1.2 29 Russia -1.4 30 Germany -1.4 31 Spain -3.7 32 Argentina -4.3 33 Czech Republic -4.6 34 Romania -4.8 35 Portugal -5.5 36 Slovenia -6.1 37 Italy -9.4 38 India -9.6 39 Ukraine -10.0 40 Slovakia -13.9 41 Iran -13.9 42 Korea -16.8 43 Brazil -17.0 44 Bulgaria -18.4 45 Saudi Arabia -18.8 46 Hungary -24.3 47 Croatia -27.8 48 Turkey -29.4 49 Serbia -31.0 50 Greece -55.6 Output - Dev
Rank Country Score 1 Serbia 37.5 2 Israel 32.3 3 United Kingdom 23.9 4 Greece 22.1 5 Portugal 21.8 6 Denmark 21.7 7 Finland 17.4 8 Australia 15.6 9 South Africa 14.3 10 Sweden 13.7 11 New Zealand 10.7 12 Switzerland 10.4 13 Canada 10.0 14 China 10.0 15 Slovenia 5.7 16 Netherlands 4.3 17 Belgium 1.7 18 Brazil -0.3 19 United States -1.3 20 Norway -4.0 21 Croatia -4.1 22 Spain -4.6 23 Czech Republic -4.8 24 Poland -5.8 25 Singapore -7.1 26 Iran -8.1 27 Korea -10.7 28 Chile -12.1 29 Hungary -13.2 30 Austria -13.2 31 India -16.3 32 Hong Kong SAR -16.5 33 Italy -16.7 34 France -16.7 35 Ireland -19.1 36 Germany -21.4 37 Bulgaria -21.9 38 Ukraine -22.9 39 Russia -24.8 40 Romania -27.0 41 Malaysia -27.2 42 Turkey -29.3 43 Slovakia -33.3 44 Japan -34.3 45 Argentina -35.5 46 Taiwan-China -41.4 47 Thailand -47.9 48 Saudi Arabia -72.7 49 Mexico -74.3 50 Indonesia -106.8 Resources - Dev
Rank Country Score 1 Serbia 36.4 2 South Africa 35.4 3 Saudi Arabia 28.1 4 Brazil 27.0 5 Sweden 25.6 6 Canada 25.2 7 Finland 25.1 8 Malaysia 24.8 9 Denmark 22.7 10 Ukraine 19.9 11 Austria 19.7 12 India 19.0 13 Turkey 13.6 14 Switzerland 13.5 15 Portugal 8.8 16 Netherlands 7.7 17 China 6.4 18 Norway 4.6 19 Belgium 3.0 20 Australia 2.4 21 Slovakia 2.1 22 France 2.0 23 United States 1.7 24 Poland -0.7 25 New Zealand -1.6 26 United Kingdom -3.9 27 Israel -4.7 28 Mexico -4.9 29 Germany -9.4 30 Argentina -10.8 31 Chile -10.8 32 Singapore -11.6 33 Croatia -12.7 34 Hong Kong SAR -14.2 35 Czech Republic -16.2 36 Spain -16.8 37 Korea -18.2 38 Iran -21.7 39 Japan -22.2 40 Slovenia -29.2 41 Taiwan-China -31.3 42 Greece -31.8 43 Thailand -32.2 44 Italy -37.2 45 Romania -41.5 46 Russia -42.9 47 Hungary -51.0 48 Bulgaria -55.6 49 Indonesia -58.1 50 Ireland -67.2 -
- Year
- 2018
Overall
Rank Country Score 1 United States 100.0 2 Switzerland 88.0 3 United Kingdom 82.6 4 Sweden 82.4 5 Denmark 81.7 6 Finland 79.7 6 Netherlands 79.7 8 Canada 79.6 9 Singapore 79.5 10 Australia 78.6 11 Austria 75.8 12 Norway 74.5 13 Belgium 73.3 14 New Zealand 71.1 15 Germany 69.2 16 France 68.5 17 Hong Kong SAR 67.8 18 Israel 66.3 19 Ireland 64.8 20 Japan 61.9 21 Taiwan-China 60.2 22 Korea 58.0 23 Saudi Arabia 57.0 24 Portugal 56.4 25 Spain 56.2 26 Malaysia 55.7 27 Czech Republic 55.6 28 Italy 54.0 29 Slovenia 53.6 30 China 52.4 31 Poland 51.3 32 Greece 49.5 33 Russia 49.3 34 Chile 49.0 35 Slovakia 48.7 36 Hungary 48.3 37 South Africa 47.7 38 Ukraine 47.4 39 Brazil 45.0 40 Argentina 44.2 41 Turkey 44.0 42 Serbia 42.8 43 Romania 42.2 44 Bulgaria 42.0 45 Croatia 41.0 46 Mexico 40.3 47 Thailand 40.0 48 Iran 38.9 49 India 36.8 50 Indonesia 33.5 Connectivity
Rank Country Score 1 Switzerland 100.0 2 Austria 91.6 3 United Kingdom 87.5 4 Netherlands 84.2 5 Denmark 81.5 6 New Zealand 80.9 7 Sweden 80.4 8 Finland 80.1 9 Belgium 77.6 10 Singapore 76.8 11 United States 75.9 12 Canada 71.6 13 Germany 71.4 14 Australia 70.7 15 Ireland 70.4 16 Norway 69.2 17 France 65.4 18 Hungary 61.7 19 Hong Kong SAR 61.5 20 Israel 58.8 21 Czech Republic 57.9 22 Slovenia 54.9 23 Taiwan-China 54.5 24 Japan 52.4 25 Portugal 51.6 26 Saudi Arabia 51.3 27 Italy 50.9 28 Greece 49.2 29 Spain 48.3 30 Slovakia 47.3 31 Korea 44.8 32 South Africa 44.8 33 Malaysia 44.7 34 Bulgaria 43.5 35 Chile 42.5 36 Thailand 41.1 37 Ukraine 38.7 38 Serbia 37.1 39 Brazil 36.8 40 Poland 36.7 41 Romania 36.5 42 Croatia 36.0 43 Argentina 33.7 44 China 33.5 45 Indonesia 32.4 46 Russia 32.0 47 Mexico 30.4 48 Turkey 25.4 49 India 24.3 50 Iran 24.3 Environment
Rank Country Score 1 United States 100.0 2 Australia 94.3 3 New Zealand 93.9 4 Singapore 90.7 5 Finland 90.5 6 Hong Kong SAR 88.7 7 United Kingdom 88.5 8 Taiwan-China 87.4 9 Netherlands 87.4 10 Belgium 85.1 11 Switzerland 84.1 12 Sweden 82.7 13 Canada 81.5 14 Poland 81.4 15 Malaysia 81.2 16 China 81.2 17 Norway 81.0 18 Ireland 80.7 19 Israel 80.2 20 Chile 79.8 21 Japan 79.4 22 South Africa 79.2 23 Denmark 79.0 24 Austria 78.4 25 France 78.3 26 Mexico 77.7 27 Germany 76.7 28 Russia 76.6 29 Thailand 76.5 30 Romania 75.7 31 Indonesia 75.4 32 Argentina 75.0 33 Spain 74.6 34 Czech Republic 74.3 35 Portugal 73.6 36 Slovenia 72.7 37 Ukraine 71.4 38 Italy 70.9 39 Slovakia 69.3 40 Iran 67.3 41 Brazil 66.8 42 Hungary 66.3 43 Bulgaria 65.9 44 Korea 65.5 45 India 65.3 46 Saudi Arabia 64.8 47 Turkey 63.2 48 Croatia 60.7 49 Serbia 58.8 50 Greece 47.4 Output
Rank Country Score 1 United States 100.0 2 United Kingdom 70.1 3 Australia 64.7 4 Switzerland 64.4 5 Denmark 62.9 6 Sweden 62.1 7 Canada 62.1 8 Netherlands 59.7 9 Finland 56.9 10 Israel 55.5 11 Germany 55.0 12 Belgium 54.7 13 France 54.4 14 Norway 54.4 15 Singapore 54.2 16 Ireland 50.1 17 Japan 49.6 18 Korea 48.1 19 Austria 47.7 20 New Zealand 47.6 21 Hong Kong SAR 46.5 22 China 46.2 23 Taiwan-China 43.9 24 Spain 43.9 25 Italy 42.4 26 Russia 41.0 27 Greece 40.6 28 Portugal 40.1 29 Slovenia 38.0 30 Czech Republic 36.6 31 Poland 35.3 32 Hungary 31.5 33 Saudi Arabia 30.9 34 Slovakia 29.5 35 Chile 29.5 36 South Africa 29.2 37 Brazil 28.5 38 Argentina 28.4 39 Bulgaria 28.1 40 Turkey 28.0 41 Croatia 27.5 42 Malaysia 27.1 43 Iran 27.0 44 Ukraine 26.5 45 Serbia 25.6 46 Romania 24.2 47 India 20.5 48 Thailand 20.1 49 Mexico 16.9 50 Indonesia 14.7 Resources
Rank Country Score 1 Switzerland 100.0 2 Sweden 99.3 3 Singapore 97.2 4 Denmark 97.1 5 Canada 96.6 6 United States 93.5 7 Norway 90.4 8 Austria 89.9 9 Finland 89.8 10 Saudi Arabia 89.6 11 Netherlands 83.1 12 Malaysia 81.5 13 Hong Kong SAR 74.9 14 Australia 74.7 15 Belgium 72.0 16 United Kingdom 71.7 17 France 69.0 18 Germany 66.7 19 Korea 65.8 20 New Zealand 63.6 21 Turkey 61.6 22 Israel 61.4 23 Japan 59.6 24 Portugal 59.4 25 Ukraine 59.1 26 Czech Republic 55.6 27 Greece 54.4 28 Serbia 53.7 29 Spain 53.1 30 Ireland 52.9 31 Slovakia 52.9 32 Taiwan-China 52.8 33 Poland 52.2 34 Brazil 50.5 35 Chile 49.0 36 Slovenia 48.0 37 Mexico 47.2 38 Italy 47.0 39 India 42.4 40 Argentina 41.7 41 South Africa 41.6 42 Russia 40.7 43 Croatia 39.6 44 China 38.7 45 Romania 37.7 46 Iran 37.0 47 Hungary 35.7 48 Bulgaria 31.4 49 Thailand 29.7 50 Indonesia 20.2 Descriptions
Country Description Argentina Argentina ranks 40th overall, which combines ranks of 40 in Resources, 32 in Environment, 43 in Connectivity and 38 in Output. In the Resources category, the level of government expenditure on higher education as a share of GDP is ranked at 19 but total expenditure per student is ranked much lower at 45. The difference is explained by the high enrolment rate, ranked at 14. Among the Connectivity variables, the best ranking (29th) is for articles written jointly between academics and international collaborators and the worst rank is (45th) for articles written jointly with researchers from industry. Published articles per head are ranked at 44 and their average impact is ranked at 41. Argentina is ranked highly at 4 for employment of graduates compared with school leavers. When the rankings are adjusted for differences in GDP per capita Argentina is ranked at 39; its overall score is below that expected for its level of income. Australia Australia ranks 10th overall, which combines ranks of 14 for Resources, 2 for Environment, 14 for Connectivity and 3 for Output. The ranking for Resources is pulled down by the low ranking (41st) for government expenditure on higher education, although the official data do not reflect the full cost of the student loans scheme. Private expenditure exceeds public expenditure and total expenditure as a share of GDP is ranked 8th, an improvement from 17th last year following an expansion in total enrolments. Expenditure per student is static at 11th. In the Connectivity measures, Australia has fallen to 6th on international student numbers owing to a fall in their share of non-university tertiary enrolments. Links with the private sector are at average levels: 31st for joint publications with industry and 20th for knowledge transfer. Australia is ranked ninth on total publications and 14th on their average impact. On a per capita basis, it ranks third on research publications compared with tenth on research expenditure—an indicator of efficiency. Australia ranks tenth for the (tertiary) educational qualifications of the labour force but fourth for enrolment rates. On a per capita basis, the national stock of researchers is ranked 14th but the annual number of PhD completions is ranked sixth, 37 per cent of whom are international. The unemployment rate for graduates compared with school leavers is around the median value. Australia is ranked 11th when levels of GDP per capita are taken into account and the score is above that expected at its income level. Austria Austria ranks 11th overall, which combines ranks of 8 for Resources, 24 for the Environment, 2 for Connectivity and 19 for Output. In Connectivity it ranks in the top five for three of the components: the share of international students, articles co-authored with international researchers and articles co-authored with industry researchers. Austria ranks fourth for government expenditures and 14th for total expenditure as a share of GDP. Within Output, the highest rank is for the number of national researchers per head of population (tenth). It ranks 15th for PhD graduates per head. Austria ranks 19th on published articles per head of population, which compares unfavourably with research expenditure per head which is ranked fifth. Publications rank 17th on their average impact. When the rankings are adjusted for levels of GDP per capita, Austria’s ranking falls to 16th overall, but its score is around what is expected at its income level. Belgium Belgium ranks 13th overall, which combines ranks of 15 for Resources, 10 for Environment, 9 for Connectivity and 12 for Output. The Output ranking has improved four places over the past six years. Total expenditure as a share of GDP is ranked 28th but government expenditure is ranked ninth and expenditure per student is ranked 16th. Within the Connectivity module, Belgium is ranked third for the proportion of articles co-authored with international collaborators. It has good links with industry: ranked seventh for joint publications and 14th for knowledge transfer. In Output, Belgium is ranked 13th for publications per head and seventh for their impact. It is ranked 13th on the quality of its top three universities and 17th for PhD completions per head of population. Belgium’s overall ranking is 14th when performance is adjusted for levels of GDP per capita and its score is above that expected for a country at its level of income. Brazil Brazil ranks 39th overall, which combines ranks of 34 for Resources, 41 for Environment, 39 for Connectivity and 37 for Output. The absence of official data on private expenditure and R&D expenditure means that the ranking for Resources is only an approximation. Government expenditure on higher education as a share of GDP is ranked 34th. In Connectivity, Brazil has risen to 14th in the proportion of students who are international, but collaboration with international researchers and with local business are ranked in the bottom quintile. In the Output module, Brazil is 12th on total publications but only 41st on publications per head and 46th for the average impact of papers. Around half of the publications are produced by the top 10 per cent of institutions. The country ranks 27th for the quality of its best three universities but is in the bottom 20 per cent for participation rate and the qualification of its workforce. It is ranked 37th for PhD completions. When the country standings are adjusted for levels of GDP per capita, Brazil rises to 20th in the rankings and its score is around that expected at its income level. Bulgaria Bulgaria ranks 44th overall, which combines a ranking of 48 for Resources, 43 for Environment, 34 for Connectivity and 39 for Output. Bulgaria ranks 45th for government expenditure on higher education as a share of GDP, a rise of five places from last year, and 44th for total expenditure. Bulgaria is ranked seventh for employment of those with a tertiary qualification relative to school leavers. Enrolment rates and the educational attainments of its workforce are around median levels. The absence of a university in the Shanghai top 500 lowers the rank for Output. Publications per head are ranked at 38. Joint publications with international authors continue to increase relative to other countries and now rank 23rd. Joint publications with industry have similarly increased and are now ranked at 24, but business ranks knowledge transfer with tertiary institutions at a low 47th. Taken together, these results imply that Connectivity is limited to specialised groups. PhD completions per head of population are ranked 25th. When account is taken of the level of GDP per capita in each country, Bulgaria is ranked 44th and its score is well below the expected level. Canada Canada is ranked 8th overall, which combining ranks of 5 for Resources, 13 for Environment, 12 for Connectivity and 7 for Output. The rank for Environment has increased seven places owing to an improvement in rank from 16th to 7th in the WEF rating of educational systems by business. In Resources, Canada ranks second for total expenditure as a share of GDP and seventh for expenditure per student. In the Output category, Canada is ranked eighth for total publications and tenth for publications deflated by population. Its best three universities are ranked third. Canada is ranked first for the formal educational qualifications of its workforce. In Connectivity, Canada ranks third for web impact and 24th for joint publications with international authors. Engagement with industry is above average: ranked 12th for knowledge transfer and 17th for joint publications. Canada ranks 22nd for PhD completions per capita. When levels of GDP per capita are taken into account, Canada ranks twelfth overall and the score is above that expected at its income level. Chile Chile ranks 34th overall, which combines ranks of 35 for Resources, 20 for Environment, 35 for Connectivity and 35 for Output. In the Resources category, Chile is always ranked highly on total expenditure as a share of GDP (7th this year) but much lower on expenditure per student (currently 40th). However, public expenditure varies markedly across years. In the current ranking government expenditure as a share of GDP (data relate to 2015) has fallen 12 places to 39th. In the Connectivity category, Chile ranks fifth in the share of articles co-authored with international collaborators but 42nd in joint articles with industry. However, the score by business on the extent of knowledge transfer has risen eight places to 28th. In Output, Chile does best on the tertiary enrolment rate (sixth) which is gradually leading to a higher rank on the (tertiary) educational qualifications of its workforce (now 35th). However, the high enrolment rate is not seen at the PhD level where Chile ranks 43rd on completions. Chile ranks 36th for published articles per head of population. When levels of GDP per capita are allowed for, Chile ranks 31st overall; although an improvement of five places this year, its score remains below that expected at its income level. China China ranks 30th overall, a rise of 10 places over the last six years. The overall rank combines ranks of 44 for Resources, 16 for Environment, 44 for Connectivity and 22 for Output. In the Resources category, total expenditure on higher education as a share of GDP is ranked 32th. Within the Connectivity category, knowledge transfer with business is ranked 22nd and the share of articles co-authored with industry is ranked 39th. Although the proportion of articles written with international collaborators is the third lowest of all countries it has risen by five percentage points to 23 per cent. In Output, China is ranked second on total publications but 43nd when population is allowed for. Around half of the publications are produced by the top 10 per cent of institutions. China ranks in the top quartile for the quality of its best three universities. It ranks second on PhD completions but 42nd on a population adjusted basis. When levels of GDP per capita are taken into account, China’s overall rank improves to 18th and its score is above that expected at its income level. Croatia Croatia ranks 45th overall, which combines ranks of 43 for Resources, 48 for Environment, 42 for Connectivity and 41 for Output. The Output rank has fallen by seven places because Croatia no longer has a university in the Shanghai top 500. Public expenditure on higher education as a share of GDP has risen 11 places to 25th. Environment has fallen four places following the availability of the new EUA data on autonomy of institutions. External joint publications are the highest ranked components in Connectivity: international co-authored papers are ranked at 26 and those co-authored with industry are ranked at 22. However, knowledge transfer with business is ranked at 48, suggesting that external links are with specialised groups. The Output category includes a rank of 29 for publications per head and their average impact is ranked at 36. 60 per cent of publications emanate from one university (Zagreb). Enrolment rates are at median levels and it is ranked 23rd for PhD completions. Croatia scores well (rank 16) for employment of those with a tertiary qualification compared with school leavers. Croatia’s overall rank is 46 when allowance is made for income differences across countries and its overall score is less than expected at its level of income. Czech Republic The Czech Republic ranks 27th overall, which combines ranks of 26 for Resources, 34 for Environment, 21 for Connectivity and 30 for Output. Expenditure (both public and private) as a share of GDP is ranked 39th and research expenditure 16th. The highest ranking in Connectivity is for the international student share (10th). Joint publications with international authors ranks 32nd. The Czech Republic is ranked 18th for joint publications with industry but business views on knowledge transfer give a much lower rank of 39. This suggests that external engagement is specialised. Most of the Output variables yield values around median levels, except that the country performs well on the criterion of unemployment levels for those with a tertiary qualification compared with school leavers (ranked 12th). Publications adjusted for population are ranked equal 20th and their impact 25th. The Output rank has remained remarkably stable over six years of ranking. PhD completions per capita are ranked 18th. When levels of GDP per capita are taken into account the Czech Republic is ranked 24th and its score is about that expected at its level of income. Denmark Denmark is ranked fifth overall, which combines ranks of 4 for Resources, 23 for Environment, 5 for Connectivity and 5 for Output. Within the Resources category, it is ranked sixth for government expenditure as a share of GDP and 17th for total expenditure (public plus private) per student. Denmark is ranked first for spending on research and development by tertiary institutions (as a share of GDP) and second for the number of national researchers per head of population. It ranks fourth for PhD completions per capita. In the Connectivity module, Denmark is ranked fourth for both joint publications with industry and knowledge transfer, and ninth for joint publications with international authors. In Output it is ranked first for publications per head of population and fifth for their average impact. Denmark is ranked third for the overall quality of its universities. Denmark maintains its overall ranking of fourth when adjustment is made for different levels of GDP per capita. Its score is well above that expected at its level of income. Finland Finland ranks sixth overall, which combines ranks of 9 for Resources, 5 for Environment, 8 for Connectivity and 9 for Output. It ranks third in government expenditure on higher education as a share of GDP and 11th on total expenditure (public plus private) per student. It ranks fifth in the number of national researchers per head of population and PhD completions per head are ranked ninth. Allowing for population, Finland ranks sixth on publications which roughly matches its rank on research expenditure of 8th. The average impact of papers is ranked 15th. Enrolment rates are ranked seventh which compares with a rank of 11 for the tertiary qualifications of the workforce. In Connectivity, Finland is ranked fourth for Web impact and eighth for knowledge transfer with business. In joint publications it is ranked tenth for those with international authors and ninth for those with industry. When levels of GDP per capita are taken into account Finland is ranked in first place and its score is well above what is expected given its level of income. France France ranks 16th overall, which combines ranks of 17 in Resources, 25 in Environment, 17 in Connectivity, and 13 in Output. Within the Resources category it is ranked 16th for government expenditure as a share of GDP and 18th for total expenditure per student. (Private expenditure is about 20 per cent of total expenditure.) In Connectivity, France ranks 12th for joint publications with industry and 14th for joint publications with international authors. France ranks 12th for international students. In the Output module, France is ranked equal sixth for the standing of its best three universities. The total number of publications by the country’s universities is ranked fifth but this falls to equal 20th when adjusted for population, compared with a rank of 11 for research expenditure. Around one-half of publications emanate from the top 10 per cent of institutions. The average impact of publications is ranked 16th. France is ranked 20th for researchers per head and 21st for PhD completions per head. When levels of GDP per capita are taken into account, France’s overall rank is 19 and its score is around the level expected at its level of income. Germany Germany is ranked 15th overall, which combines ranks of 18 for Resources, 27 for Environment, 13 for Connectivity and 11 for Output. In the Resources category it ranks 38th on total expenditure (public plus private) as a share of GDP but 14th on expenditure per student. The difference is explained by the lower rank (27th) for the participation rate in higher education. In Connectivity Germany performs well on links with industry: ranked eighth for joint publications and tenth for knowledge transfer. It ranks 21st for the share of publications that have international co-authors. In Output, German universities are ranked fourth for total publications and 23rd for publications deflated by population even though research expenditure is ranked 11th. The average impact of publications is ranked 11th. Germany ranks equal sixth for the standing of its best three universities and seventh for PhD completions per capita. The Environment score is pulled down in part because the points awarded for national policy disadvantage federations. When levels of GDP per capita are taken into account Germany’s overall ranking falls to 29th and its score is just below what is expected given its level of income. Greece Greece is ranked equal 32th overall, which combines ranks of 27 for Resources, 50 for Environment, 28 for Connectivity and 27 for Output. It ranks 11th for government expenditure on higher education as a share of GDP but 41st for expenditure per student. This difference is explained by the high recorded participation rate in tertiary education (ranked 1st). The low Environment rank occurs because of an excessively centralised system and low grade from business. In Connectivity, Greece is ranked 26th for joint publications with industry but the tertiary system is rated lowly by business for knowledge transfer (45th). This suggests that external links are specialised. Web connectivity is around median levels. Other than for the highly-ranked participation rate, the rankings for all the Output measures lie around median values: ranging from a rank of 20 for the average impact of research articles to 31st for the quality of its best three universities. On a per head basis, the rank for publications (27th) roughly matches that for research expenditure (29th). Greece ranks 31st for PhD completions per head. When account is taken of levels of per capita GDP, Greece’s overall ranking improves to 17th and is at the level expected at its level of income. Hong Kong SAR Hong Kong SAR is ranked 17th overall, which combines ranks of 13 for Resources, 6 for Environment, 19 for Connectivity and 21 for Output. The Environment score is high reflecting a system that gives significant autonomy to institutions while maintaining overall surveillance. Government expenditure on higher education as a share of GDP has fallen and is now ranked 22nd, a fall of eight places. Total expenditure per student is ranked sixth. In Connectivity, Hong Kong SAR is ranked ninth for articles co-authored with international collaborators. The higher education sector is ranked 16th for business satisfaction with the extent of knowledge transfer but is ranked lower at 35th for articles written with industry. Web-based connectivity is ranked 12th. In the Output category, Hong Kong SAR is ranked 14th on publications per head and equal ninth on the average impact of articles. Publications are relatively evenly spread over institutions and it ranks 11th for depth of its universities. When account is taken of levels of GDP per capita Hong Kong’s ranking falls to 32nd and its score is a little below that expected at its relatively high income level. Hungary Hungary is ranked 36th overall, which combines ranks of 47 for Resources, 42 for Environment, 18 for Connectivity and 32 for Output. Government expenditure on higher education as a share of GDP ranks 44th. Declines in both public and private expenditure has this year seen total expenditure as a share of GDP decline fifteen places to 48th. Total expenditure per student ranks 38th. The Connectivity ranking includes sixth in joint publications with industry but business ranks knowledge transfer lower at 33. Joint publications with international authors rank 16th. Within the Output category, Hungary is ranked second for employment of the tertiary educated workforce compared with those who left after completing final year of schooling. It is ranked 31st on publications per head and equal 27th for their impact. PhD completions per head are ranked 33rd. The Output rank is pulled down by the absence of a university in the Shanghai top 500. When account is taken of relative levels of GDP per capita, Hungary’s ranking is 41st and its score is below that expected at its income level. India India is ranked 49th overall, which combines ranks of 39 for Resources, 45 for Environment, 49 for Connectivity and 47 for Output. It is ranked 18th for government expenditure on higher education as a share of GDP but 47th for expenditure on research by tertiary institutions. Under Environment, India scores low grades for institutional autonomy and data quality. Within the Connectivity category, India ranks well down for joint publications: both with international authors (50th) and with industry (46th). It is scored a little higher by business on knowledge transfer (35th). It rates lowly for web connectivity. Within the Output category, India ranks 10th on total publications but 49th on publications per head, which roughly matches the research expenditure rank of 47. Nearly half the articles emanate from the top 10 per cent of institutions. The average impact of articles is ranked at 42. PhD completions per head rank 46th. When account is taken of relative levels of GDP per capita, India’s overall ranking rises to 26th owing mainly to a large increase in the ranking for Resources (now 11th). India’s GDP-adjusted overall score is around the level expected at its income level. Indonesia Indonesia is ranked 50th overall, which combines ranks of 50 for Resources, 31 for Environment, 45 for Connectivity and 50 for Output. It is ranked 50th for government expenditure on higher education as a share of GDP. In Connectivity, Indonesia ranks, 32nd for joint publications with industry, 43rd for joint publications with international authors and 29th for knowledge transfer with business. Indonesia ranks in the bottom 20 per cent for all Output measures (except employment rates of the tertiary educated compared with school leavers) and loses points for not having a university in the Shanghai top 500. It ranks 45th for PhD completions per head. When allowance is made for levels of per capita GDP, Indonesia’s overall ranking remains at 50 and the score is well below that expected at its income level. Iran Iran is ranked 48th overall, which combines ranks of 46 for Resources, 40 for Environment, 50 for Connectivity and 43 for Output. Government expenditure on higher education as a share of GDP is ranked 36th, an improvement of seven places. Connectivity remains very low. Iran ranks 50th for joint publications with industry and 47th for joint publications with international authors. Web-based impact is ranked 45th. The number of articles published by Iranian authors is ranked 16th, but this falls to 39th when population differences are allowed for; the average impact of articles is ranked 44th. Iran ranks 23rd for enrolment rates, 39th for the (tertiary) educational qualifications of its workforce, and 36th for PhD completions per head. When account is taken of levels of GDP per capita, the rank for Output improves to 22nd and is about the level expected at Iran’s level of income. However, the improvement in the overall rank is less dramatic (to 37th) and the score is below that expected. Ireland Ireland is ranked 19th overall, which combines ranks of 30 for Resources, 18 for Environment, 15 for Connectivity and 16 for Output. Improvements in the ranking of outcomes (Connectivity and Output) have offset deteriorations in inputs (Resources and Environment) to keep the overall rank unchanged. Government expenditure as a share of GDP has fallen 15 places to 35th and the Environment rank has fallen four places to 15 because of reductions in the financial autonomy of institutions. Expenditure per student is ranked 21st. In Connectivity, the business rating of knowledge transfer has improved markedly to sixth. Joint publications with industry are ranked 23rd and with international authors 18th. Under Output, Ireland is ranked 11th on publications per head of population and 21st on their average impact. It ranks 14th for the educational levels of its workforce and sixth for employment of those with a tertiary qualification compared with school leavers. PhD completions per head are ranked fifth. When account is taken of relative levels of GDP per capita the ranking is 36th but because of the importance of foreign firms in Ireland the rank would be higher if Gross National Income was used as a measure of income. Israel Israel is ranked 18th overall, which combines ranks of 22 for Resources, 19 for Environment, 20 for Connectivity and 10 for Output. Israel ranks 32nd for government expenditure on higher education as a share of GDP, which improves to 22nd when private expenditure is added. Expenditure per student is also ranked 22nd. Expenditure in tertiary institutions on R&D as a percentage of GDP is ranked 13th. Israel is ranked first for the number of researchers in the country per head of population although PhD completions per head are ranked lower at 28th. Israel is ranked seventh for the depth of quality universities. Research output per head of population is ranked 17th and the average impact of articles is ranked 19th. Israel is ranked fifth for knowledge transfer with business and 20th for joint articles with industry. Web impact is ranked 18th. Israel is ranked fourth for the educational qualifications of its workforce. When account is taken of relative levels of GDP per capita, the ranking improves to ninth and the score is above that expected at Israel’s income level. Italy Italy is ranked equal 28th overall, which combines ranks of 38 for Resources, 38 for Environment, 27 for Connectivity and 25 for Output. The indicators show very little change from last year. Government expenditure on higher education (75 per cent of total expenditure) as a share of GDP is ranked 40th and expenditure per student is ranked 28th. In Connectivity, joint publications of academics with industry are ranked 19th and joint publications with international authors 27th. Knowledge transfer with firms is ranked 30th. In the Output category, Italian tertiary institutions publish the seventh largest number of journal articles but this rank falls to 22 when deflated by population size, roughly matching the rank of 24 for research expenditure per head. The average impact of articles is ranked 12th. The three best performing universities are ranked equal 20th. Italy ranks 42nd on the education qualifications of its workforce, 34th on number of researchers per head of population, and 29th on PhD completions per head. When account is taken of relative levels of GDP per capita, Italy’s ranking falls to 33rd and its score is below that expected at its income level. Japan Japan is ranked 20th overall, which combines ranks of 23 for Resources, 21 for Environment, 24 for Connectivity and 17 for Output, little changed from last year. Total expenditure on higher education (of which two-thirds is private) as a share of GDP is ranked 21st but, because the participation rate is a little below average, expenditure per student is ranked 12th. Connectivity is predominantly internal: Japan ranks fifth for the percentage of articles written jointly with industry collaborators, and knowledge transfer with domestic business is ranked 24th. In contrast, the international student share is ranked 33rd and the percentage of articles co-authored with international researchers is ranked a lowly 44th. In Output, Japan ranks sixth on total articles published but 32nd when population size is allowed for, lower than the rank for research expenditure of 20. Nearly half the articles emanate from the top 10 per cent of institutions. The average impact of articles is ranked equal 35th. Japan ranks fifth on the quality of its best three universities. It ranks third on the educational qualifications of its workforce, ninth for the number of researchers in the country but 32nd for the number of completing PhDs. When account is taken of relative levels of GDP per capita, Japan’s rank falls to 35 and is below the level expected at its income level. Korea Korea is ranked 22nd overall, which combines ranks of 19 for Resources, 44 for Environment, 31 for Connectivity and 18 for Output. Government expenditure as a share of GDP has improved by five places to 24th, but it still represents only 45 per cent of total expenditure on higher education. Total expenditure as a share of GDP ranks seventh but expenditure per student ranks much lower at 33rd because Korea has the third highest participation rate. The rank for Environment is pulled down by the relatively low proportion of students and staff who are female. Korean links with industry are ranked 13th for joint publications but 26th for knowledge transfer. Joint publications with international authors are ranked 46th. In the Output category, Korea ranks 11th on total publications but 25th when adjusted for population size, the same rank as for research expenditure. The average impact of publications is ranked at 33. Korea ranks sixth on the education qualifications of its workforce; third on total researchers in the nation (adjusted for population); and 14th for PhD completions per head. When account is taken of relative levels of GDP per capita, Korea’s overall rank falls to 34 and is a little below that expected at its income level. Malaysia Malaysia is ranked 26th overall, which combines ranks of 12 for Resources, 15 for Environment, 33 for Connectivity and 42 for Output. Malaysia is ranked eighth for government expenditure on higher education as a share of GDP; expenditure per student ranks tenth. Expenditure on R&D in tertiary institutions as a share of GDP was abnormally high in last year’s rankings (11th) and has now returned to more typical values (ranked 24th). In Connectivity, Malaysia is ranked 17th for knowledge transfer with business, but 48th for joint publications with industry. Joint publications with international authors have risen in rank to 34th. Using the new data base, Malaysian institutions are ranked 23rd for total publications and 34th for both publications per head of population and the average impact of articles. The country is ranked 37th for the educational attainment of the workforce and 31st for the number of researchers in the nation (adjusted for population). PhD completions per head are ranked 34th. When account is taken of relative levels of GDP per capita, Malaysia’s overall ranking improves to 23rd and the estimated overall score is around the level expected at Malaysia’s income level. Mexico Mexico is ranked 46th overall, which combines ranks of 37 for Resources, 26 for Environment, 47 for Connectivity and 49 for Output. Both public and private expenditure on higher education has increased noticeably since last year’s ranking: the rank of total expenditure as a share of GDP has increased ten places to 27th. Expenditure per student has improved five places to 35th. Mexico ranks 40th for expenditure by tertiary institutions on R&D as a share of GDP. In Connectivity, Mexico ranks 47th for joint publications with industry and 36th for knowledge transfer. Joint publications with international authors are ranked 36th. Web connectivity is well below average. In Output, Mexico is ranked equal 33rd for total publications but 47th when adjusted for population. Tertiary enrolment rates are ranked 48th; PhD completions per head are ranked 39th. When account is taken of levels of GDP per capita Mexico’s overall rank is 49 and the overall score is well below that expected at Mexico’s level of income. The recent increase in resources can be expected to improve outcomes in future years. Netherlands The Netherlands is ranked sixth overall, which combines ranks of 11 for Resources, 8 for Environment, 4 for Connectivity and 8 for Output. It is ranked 13th for total expenditure on higher education (which is 70 per cent government funded) as a share of GDP, an increase of five places. Expenditure per student is ranked ninth. It ranks highly for Connectivity with business: second for joint publications and third for knowledge transfer. Joint publications with international authors are ranked 11th and web connectivity is above average. In Output, the Netherlands performs strongly in research publications per head (seventh, which exactly matches the research expenditure rank) and their average impact is ranked third. The participation rate is ranked 19th, and the education qualifications of the workforce 20th. The standing of its universities is high: ranked fifth for depth (the Netherlands has the most even spread of publications across institutions) and 10th for its best three universities. The Netherlands ranks 13th for the national stock of researchers per head and 12th for PhD completions per head. When account is taken of levels of GDP per capita the overall rank is 13. The scores for each of the four broad categories and overall are above those expected at the Netherland’s income levels. New Zealand New Zealand is ranked equal 14th overall, which combines ranks of 20 for Resources, 3 for Environment, 6 for Connectivity and 20 for Output. For expenditure as a share of GDP, New Zealand is ranked 29th for government expenditure and 9th for total expenditure. In Connectivity, New Zealand’s highest score is for the percentage of students who are international, where it is ranked first. International students make up a third of short-cycle tertiary programmes. It ranks 11th for the annual number of PhD completions, 51 per cent of whom are international (ranked second). New Zealand is ranked 12th for publications with international researchers and 25th for publications with industry. The rank for business views on knowledge transfer is 19, a fall of nine places from last year’s ranking. On a per capita basis, New Zealand is ranked 15th for publications per head but 26th for research expenditure: the difference is indicative of high productivity. It ranks 18th on the average impact of publications. New Zealand’s tertiary enrolment rate is ranked 10th and the tertiary educational qualifications of its workforce 19th. When account is taken of relative levels of GDP per capita, New Zealand’s rank improves to tenth and its score is above the level expected at its income level. Norway Norway is ranked 12th overall, which combines ranks of 7 for Resources, 17 for Environment, 16 for Connectivity and 14 for Output. In expenditure as a share of GDP, Norway is ranked 5th for public expenditure (95 per cent of total expenditure) and 17th for total expenditure. Expenditure per student is ranked eighth. In Connectivity, co-authorship with international collaborators is ranked eighth and with industry 15th. Web connectivity is ranked eighth. There is a matching of research expenditure as a share of GDP (10th) with research publications per head (ranked ninth). Norway ranks ninth for both the average impact of publications and the depth of quality universities. It is ranked 20th for participation rates in higher education, 12th for the tertiary educational qualifications of the workforce and eighth for the number of national researchers per head. It ranks thirteenth for PhD completions per head. Norway’s overall rank falls to 28th when account is taken of levels of GDP per head and the overall score is around that expected at its high income level. Poland Poland is ranked 31st overall, which combines ranks of 33 for Resources, 14 for Environment, 40 for Connectivity and 31 for Output. In expenditure as a share of GDP, Poland is ranked 17th for public expenditure, 33rd for total expenditure and 31st for research expenditure. Connectivity with industry is below average: Poland ranks 38th in joint articles with industry and 34th in knowledge transfer with business, but the latter has improved 13 places since last year. In joint articles with international collaborators Poland is ranked 40th. Web connectivity is a little below the median. In Output, Poland is ranked 18th on published articles but this falls to 30th when adjusted for population. The average impact of articles is ranked at 27. Participation rates are ranked 28nd and the tertiary educational qualifications of the workforce 26th. PhD completion rates (per head) rank 35th. Poland performs well (fifth) on the employment rates of those with a tertiary qualification compared with those who only complete final year of schooling. Poland’s rank improves to 27th when account is taken of levels of GDP per capita and its score is around that expected at its income level. Portugal Portugal is ranked 24th overall, an improvement of three places. The component ranks are 24 for Resources, 35 for Environment, 25 for Connectivity and 28 for Output. In expenditure as a share of GDP, Portugal is ranked 31st for both public expenditure, an improvement of six places from last year’s ranking, and total expenditure. Under the heading of Connectivity, Portugal is ranked 19th for joint publications with international researchers and 37th for publications with industry. Knowledge transfer with business is ranked 25th. In the Output module, publications per head are ranked 12th whereas research expenditure per head ranks only 19th, which is an indicator of efficiency. Portugal ranks 30th in the tertiary educational qualifications of the workforce, but the tertiary enrolment rate is ranked lower at 36th. After allowing for population, Portugal ranks 22nd for the number of researchers in the country and 19th for PhD completions. When account is taken of relative levels of GDP per capita, Portugal’s ranking jumps to sixth (third on Output) and its score is above that expected at its level of income. Romania Romania is ranked 43rd overall, which combines ranks of 45 for Resources, 30 for Environment, 41 for Connectivity and 46 for Output. The Connectivity score has fallen nine places as a consequence of the score recorded by business for knowledge transfer falling to 42nd. Total expenditure as a share of GDP is ranked 41st and research expenditure 43rd. The Environment measure benefits from institutions having a relatively high percentage of female staff (ranked fifth). In the Connectivity measures, joint publications with international authors are ranked 42nd and those with co-authors from industry are ranked 36th. The absence of a university in the top 500 lowers the Output score. Romania is ranked 37th on research articles per head and 40th on their average impact. The number of PhD completions (per head) is ranked 26th. When account is taken of relative levels of GDP per capita Romania is ranked 47th and its score is well below that expected at its level of income. Russia Russia is ranked 33rd overall, which combines ranks of 42 for Resources, 28 for Environment, 46 for Connectivity and 26 for Output. For expenditure as a share of GDP, Russia is ranked 37th for public expenditure, 35th for total expenditure and 42nd for research expenditure. In the Connectivity module, Russia is relatively weak on interactions with industry: it is ranked 43rd for each of joint publications with industry and knowledge transfer with firms. It ranks 35th for joint publications with international researchers. In the Output module, Russia is ranked second for the educational qualifications of its workforce and ninth for the employment rates of those with a tertiary qualification compared with school leavers. The annual number of PhD completions ranks 24th. Total research publications rank 20th, publications per head 45th and their average impact 32nd. Over the last six years Russia has improved six places on Output. When account is taken of relative levels of GDP per capita the rank is 43 and the GDP adjusted score for Russia is well below that expected at its income level. Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabia is ranked equal 23rd overall, which combines ranks of 10 for Resources, 46 for Environment, 26 for Connectivity and 33 for Output. It is ranked first for government expenditure on higher education as a share of GDP. In the Connectivity module, Saudi Arabia is ranked first for the share of publications that have an international collaborator but it is ranked only 40th for joint publications with industry. Web connectivity is in the lowest quintile. The highest score in the Output module is for the quality of its best three universities which are ranked 16th and account for two-thirds of publications in the country. Saudi Arabia is ranked 40th for publications per head and 22nd for their average impact. The annual number of PhD completions is ranked 47th. High government expenditure is now showing up in the Output rank that has improved 12 places over the last six years, the largest improvement for any country. However, Saudi Arabia’s high level of GDP per capita inevitably means that its ranking falls (to 48th) when income levels are allowed for. The GDP adjusted score for Saudi Arabia is well below that expected at its income level. Serbia Serbia is ranked 42nd overall, which combines ranks of 28 for Resources, 49 for Environment, 38 for Connectivity and 45 for Output. Government expenditure on higher education as a share of GDP is ranked 13th and expenditure by institutions on R&D is ranked 27th. Using the new EUA rating for Serbia for the financial autonomy of institutions has lowered the score for the policy Environment. Serbia ranks 41st on joint publications with industry and 35tht on joint publications with international authors. In the Output module, Serbia ranks 33rd in publications per head and 47th in their average impact. Serbia ranks 29th for the average quality of its universities but 60 per cent of publications emanate from one university (Belgrade). It is ranked 36th for the tertiary education qualifications of the work force and 37th for the tertiary enrolment rate. In per capita terms, Serbia ranks 33rd for the national stock of researchers and 30th for the annual number of PhD completions. When account is taken of relative levels of GDP per capita Serbia’s rank jumps to third place and the score is well above that expected for its level of income. Singapore Singapore is ranked ninth overall, which combines ranks of 3 for Resources, 4 for Environment, 10 for Connectivity and 15 for Output. It ranks 23rd for government expenditure on tertiary education as a share of GDP but first for total expenditure (public plus private) per student. Singapore ranks second for R&D expenditure by universities per head of population and this is reflected in the ranking of fifth for publications per head and sixth for their average impact. In the Connectivity category, it ranks second for the relative importance of international students and sixth for joint publications with international authors. In engagement with the private sector, Singapore ranks ninth for knowledge transfer with firms but 33rd for joint scientific publications with industry. The (tertiary) educational qualifications of the workforce is ranked 13th and the number of national researchers per head is ranked sixth. When allowance is made for national levels of GDP per head Singapore’s ranking falls to 21st but the score is around what is expected at its high income level. Slovakia Slovakia is ranked 35th overall, which combines ranks of 31 for Resources, 39 for Environment, 30 for Connectivity and 34 for Output. Total expenditure on higher education (of which nearly 80 per cent is by government) as a share of GDP is ranked 45th; government expenditure at 33rd. Research expenditure by tertiary institutions as a share of GDP has risen 19 places to 12th. This can be expected to flow through to research performance in later years. Currently, Slovakia is ranked 28th for publications per head and 26th for their average impact. Within the Connectivity module, Slovakia is ranked 33rd for joint publications with international researchers, 21st for joint scientific publications with industry and 40th for knowledge transfer with firms. The Output score is lowered by the absence of any university in the Shanghai top 500. On a per capita basis, the national stock of researchers ranks 28th which can be expected to increase as the annual number of PhD completions ranks eighth. Slovakia ranks seventeenth for the employment rate of those with a tertiary qualification compared with school leavers. When account is taken of relative levels of GDP per capita, Slovakia’s rank falls to 40th and its score is well below that expected at its income level. Slovenia Slovenia is ranked 29th overall, which combines ranks of 36 for Resources, 36 for Environment, 22 for Connectivity and 29 for Output. It is ranked around the median level for many of the indicators. Government expenditure on higher education as a share of GDP is ranked 27th but because private expenditure is low (14 per cent) total expenditure is ranked 43rd. On a per capita basis, publications per head rank 16th, a creditable performance given that R&D expenditure by tertiary institutions ranks only 32nd. Nearly 70 percent of publications emanant from one university (Ljnbljana). In the Connectivity module, joint scientific papers with industry are ranked 11th but business ranks knowledge transfer at a low 37th. This suggests engagement is specialised. The share of publications that are joint with international authors is ranked 13th. Slovenia has slipped five places in the Output ranking over the last six years. The tertiary qualification rate of the labour force is ranked 24th, but this will increase as the participation rate in higher education is ranked 13th. On a per capita basis Slovenia is ranked 23rd for the number of researchers in the nation but this is likely to rise as annual PhD completions are ranked third. When allowance is made for levels of GDP per capita, Slovenia is ranked 25th and the score is around that expected at its income level. South Africa South Africa is ranked 37th overall, which combines ranks of 41 for resources, 23 for Environment, 32 for Connectivity and 36 for Output. Government expenditure on higher education as a share of GDP is ranked 47th and research expenditure 35th. The Environment score is dragged down by a very low score on the World Economic Forum rating by business (ranked 47th) and its rank of 37 for data quality. In Connectivity, South Africa is 17th for the percentage of joint publications with international researchers, 29th for joint publications with industry and 32nd for knowledge transfer with firms. But web-based connectivity is in the bottom decile. South Africa’s rank in the Output module has improved six places over the last six years. The tertiary education sector is ranked equal 28th for total publications, 42nd for publications per head and 24th for their average impact. Both enrolment rates and the educational qualifications of the workforce are in the bottom decile. South Africa ranks 41st on the annual number of PhD completions. It ranks first for the employment of those with a tertiary qualification compare with school leavers. When allowance is made for differences in GDP per head, South Africa’s rank jumps to eighth and the score is well above that expected at its level of income. Spain Spain is ranked 25th overall, which combines ranks of 29 for Resources, 33 for Environment, 29 for Connectivity and 24 for Output. As a share of GDP, Spain is ranked 30th for government expenditure on higher education (about 70 per cent of total expenditure), 34th for total expenditure and 29th for research expenditure. In engagement with the private sector, Spain ranks 27th for joint scientific publications with industry and 38th for knowledge transfer. Joint publications with international collaborators are ranked 25th. Spain’s tertiary institutions are ranked 23rd for web connectivity. In Output, Spain is ranked 13th for total publications and 26th on a per capita basis. The average impact of published articles is ranked 23rd. In the educational qualifications of the workforce, Spain is ranked 21st but this will increase as the participation rate in tertiary education is ranked fifth. On a per capita basis, the national stock of researchers is ranked 28th and the annual number of PhD completions 16th. When allowance is made for differences in GDP per head, Spain’s rank is 30 and its score is a little below that expected at its level of income. Sweden Sweden is ranked fourth overall, which combines ranks of 2 for Resources, 12 for Environment, 7 for Connectivity and 6 for Output. In Resources as a share of GDP, Sweden is ranked seventh for government expenditure (about 90 per cent of total expenditure), 16th for total expenditure and third for research expenditure. Expenditure per student is ranked fifth. Sweden’s lowest rank is for the policy Environment which owes to its score for institutional autonomy being only around median values. Sweden performs well in engagement with industry: ranks third for joint publications and 13th for knowledge transfer. It ranks seventh for joint publications with international researchers and is in the top ten for web connectivity. In Output, Sweden is ranked fourth for publications per head and eighth for their average impact. Its university sector is ranked second for average quality. It is ranked 16th for the (tertiary) educational qualifications of its workforce. On a per capita basis, Sweden ranks fourth for the number of researchers in the nation and tenth for the annual number of PhD completions. When allowance is made for levels of GDP per capita, Sweden is ranked fifth overall and its score is well above that expected at its level of income. Switzerland Switzerland is ranked second overall, which combines ranks of 1 for Resources, 11 for Environment, 1 for Connectivity and 4 for Output. Government expenditure on higher education as a share of GDP ranks 12th and expenditure per student third. Connectivity within the nation and externally is high. It is rated first for knowledge transfer with firms, 10th for joint publications with industry, and third for joint publications with international researchers. It is fourth for the proportion of students who are international. At the PhD level it ranks first for the annual number of PhD completions, 54 per cent of whom are international. Web-based impact is ranked second. On a per capita basis, Switzerland is ranked second for publications which reflects its number one rank for R&D expenditure. Publications are ranked number one for average impact. Its universities are ranked first for average quality. Switzerland ranks 15th for the (tertiary) educational qualifications of its workforce and 16th for the number of researchers in the nation per head of population. When levels of GDP per capita are taken into account, Switzerland is ranked seventh and its score is well above that expected at its level of income. Taiwan-China Taiwan-China is ranked 21st overall, which combines ranks of 32 for Resources, 9 for Environment, 23 for Connectivity and 23 for Output. Expenditure on higher education as a share of GDP is ranked 24th, of which 55 per cent is private. In Connectivity, knowledge transfer with firms is ranked 18th but joint scientific publications with industry are ranked lower at 34th. Joint publications with international researchers are rated lowly at 45th. Taiwan-China ranks 13th for Web connectivity. In Output, it is ranked 17th for total publications and 39th for their average impact. It is ranked seventh for the educational qualifications of its workforce and 12th for the enrolment rate in higher education. Taiwan-China is well provided with researchers per head of population where it is ranked seventh. When levels of GDP per capita are taken into account, Taiwan-China slips to 38th in the ranking and is below the level expected at its income level. Thailand Thailand is ranked equal 47th overall, which combines ranks of 49 for Resources, 29 for Environment, 36 for Connectivity and 48 for Output. Government expenditure on higher education as a share of GDP is ranked 46th and expenditure on R&D is ranked 41st. In Connectivity, knowledge transfer with industry is ranked 27th, joint publications with industry 28th, and joint articles with international researchers 30th. The Output score is negatively impacted by Thailand having no university in the Shanghai top 500. Publications per head are ranked 46th and their average impact 38th. The (tertiary) educational qualifications of the workforce is ranked 45th. The annual number of PhD completions is ranked 44th. When levels of GDP per capita are taken into account, Thailand ranks 45th and the adjusted score is well below that expected at its level of income. Turkey Turkey is ranked equal 41st overall, which combines ranks of 21 for Resources, 47 for Environment, 48 for Connectivity and 40 for Output. Calculated as shares of GDP, government expenditure on higher education ranks tenth, total expenditure ranks 12th, and research expenditure by tertiary institutions ranks 19th. Connectivity is weak: the highest rank is 39 for Web impact. Knowledge transfer as viewed by business is ranked 41st, a fall of 12 places from last year’s ranking. Joint articles with international authors and with industry are each ranked 49th. In Output, Turkish institutions of higher education rank 15th for total publications but 36th for publications per head. Citations per article are ranked 45th. Participation rates are ranked second but it will take time for this to flow through fully to the educational qualifications of the workforce (currently ranked 41st). On a per capita basis, the number of researchers is ranked 39th and the annual number of PhD completions is ranked 38th. When levels of GDP per capita are taken into account, Turkey’s rank is 42nd and its score is well below that expected at its level of income. Ukraine Ukraine is ranked 38th overall, which combines ranks of 25 for Resources, 37 for Environment, 37 for Connectivity and 44 for Output. Ukraine is second for government expenditure on higher education as a share of GDP. However, because of the relatively high participation rate (ranked 16th) expenditure per student is in the lower decile. R&D expenditure by tertiary institutions as a share of GDP has a low ranking of 45. In Connectivity, Ukraine ranks 30th for joint scientific publications with industry but only 46th for knowledge transfer. It ranks 31st for joint publications with international authors. In Output, Ukraine loses points for not having a flagship university in the Shanghai top 500. Ukraine ranks 50th for total publications, 48th for publications per head of population, and 50th for their average impact. The Output rank has fallen nine places over the last six years. The level of (tertiary) educational qualifications of its workforce is ranked fifth. Using per capita figures, the number of national researchers is ranked 40th and the annual number of PhD completions is ranked 27th. When levels of GDP per capita are taken into account, Ukraine’s overall ranking improves to 22nd and its score is about that expected at its income level. United Kingdom The United Kingdom is ranked third overall, an improvement of seven places over the last seven years. The overall rank combines ranks of 16 for Resources, 7 for Environment, 3 for Connectivity and 2 for Output. Total expenditure on higher education as a share of GDP is ranked tenth. The OECD method of splitting total expenditure between public and private is not consistent over time, but in the current data public expenditure ranks 48th. Expenditure per student is ranked fourth which reflects the lower than average participation rate (ranked 39th). Connectivity with industry is relatively strong: the United Kingdom ranks seventh for knowledge transfer with business and 14th for joint scientific publications. The rank for joint publications with international authors is 15. The United Kingdom ranks third for the percentage of students who are international and fifth for the number of times external users access websites. In the Output category, the United Kingdom ranks third for total publications and fourth for the average impact of articles. On a per capita basis, research publications rank eighth compared with a rank of 18 for research expenditure, which implies an above-average level of efficiency. Nearly half the articles emanate from the top 10 per cent of institutions. The United Kingdom ranks second for the quality of its best three universities. It is ranked ninth for the (tertiary) educational qualifications of the workforce. In per capita terms, the United Kingdom ranks 17th for the national stock of researchers but second for the annual number of PhD completions, 43 per cent of whom are international. When levels of GDP per capita are taken into account, the United Kingdom is ranked second and its score is well above the level expected at its income level. United States The United States is ranked first overall, which combines ranks of 6 for Resources, 1 for Environment, 11 for Connectivity and 1 for Output. Expenditure on higher education as a share of GDP is ranked first (public expenditure has fallen to one-third of the total) and expenditure per student second. Links with the private sector are strong: knowledge transfer is rated second and joint scientific publications 16th. However, as is expected for other large countries, the percentage of publications that are joint with international authors ranks much lower at 38. Although the United States has the largest absolute number of international students, as a share of its total students it ranks only 26th. It ranks first for the number of times external users access websites of tertiary institutions even when adjusted for population. In Output, the United States is first for total publications and fourth for the average impact of articles. On a per capita basis it ranks 18th for publications, similar to the rank for research expenditure of 14. Around 50 per cent of publications emanate from the top 10 per cent of institutions. The United States ranks eighth for participation rates and ninth for the (tertiary) educational credentials of its workforce. It is ranked first for the quality of its best three universities. On a per capita basis it is ranked 19th for the national stock of researchers and 20th for the annual number of PhD completions. When levels of GDP per capita are taken into account, the overall rank for the United States falls to 15th but its score is above the level expected at its income level. Overall - Dev
Rank Country Score 1 Finland 20.2 2 United Kingdom 18.7 3 Serbia 17.4 4 Denmark 15.8 5 Sweden 14.4 6 Portugal 14.3 7 Switzerland 13.6 8 South Africa 13.4 9 Israel 12.7 10 New Zealand 12.4 11 Australia 11.3 12 Canada 10.8 13 Netherlands 9.2 14 Belgium 5.8 15 United States 5.6 16 Austria 1.9 17 Greece 1.8 18 China 1.8 19 France -0.6 20 Brazil -1.6 21 Singapore -2.0 22 Ukraine -3.4 23 Malaysia -4.9 24 Czech Republic -6.0 25 Slovenia -8.1 26 India -9.1 27 Poland -9.4 28 Norway -9.7 29 Germany -9.7 30 Spain -12.0 31 Chile -13.7 32 Hong Kong SAR -14.7 33 Italy -16.3 34 Korea -18.9 35 Japan -21.7 36 Ireland -22.8 37 Iran -22.9 38 Taiwan-China -23.3 39 Argentina -27.6 40 Slovakia -28.7 41 Hungary -29.0 42 Turkey -31.1 43 Russia -31.4 44 Bulgaria -33.2 45 Thailand -35.2 46 Croatia -36.0 47 Romania -36.3 48 Saudi Arabia -44.3 49 Mexico -46.4 50 Indonesia -70.9 Connectivity - Dev
Rank Country Score 1 Ukraine 58.4 2 United Kingdom 35.0 3 New Zealand 33.2 4 Austria 31.8 5 Switzerland 27.2 6 Finland 24.4 7 Hungary 21.3 8 Denmark 17.3 9 Netherlands 17.0 10 South Africa 16.6 11 Belgium 14.0 12 Sweden 11.4 13 Czech Republic 9.9 14 Canada 5.4 15 Australia 5.1 16 Serbia 4.6 17 Portugal 3.6 18 Greece 3.0 19 Bulgaria 2.1 20 Germany 1.9 21 France 0.4 22 Brazil -0.4 23 Israel -6.4 24 United States -9.3 25 Slovenia -9.6 26 India -11.2 27 Slovakia -11.6 28 Romania -15.2 29 Thailand -16.3 30 Ireland -16.6 31 Singapore -19.3 32 Italy -19.4 33 Hong Kong SAR -20.4 34 Taiwan - China -21.5 35 Spain -22.7 36 Malaysia -23.1 37 China -25.0 38 Norway -26.0 39 Japan -30.1 40 Poland -34.2 41 Indonesia -34.6 42 Chile -40.8 43 Korea -44.0 44 Croatia -45.1 45 Russia -49.5 46 Argentina -58.9 47 Saudi Arabia -61.1 48 Mexico -66.3 49 Turkey -72.4 50 Iran -73.9 Environment - Dev
Rank Country Score 1 United States 26.1 2 Australia 20.1 3 New Zealand 19.9 4 Singapore 16.2 5 Finland 15.8 6 Hong Kong SAR 13.8 7 United Kingdom 13.7 8 Netherlands 12.4 9 Taiwan-China 12.1 10 Belgium 9.6 11 Switzerland 7.4 12 Sweden 6.8 13 China 5.1 14 Canada 5.0 15 Malaysia 4.3 16 Poland 4.2 17 Norway 3.9 18 Ireland 3.8 19 Israel 3.5 20 Chile 1.8 21 Denmark 1.6 22 France 1.1 23 Austria 1.0 24 Japan 0.7 25 South Africa -0.7 26 Mexico -1.8 27 Germany -2.0 28 Thailand -2.1 29 Russia -2.2 30 Indonesia -3.0 31 Spain -4.4 32 Czech Republic -4.6 33 Argentina -4.9 34 Romania -5.0 35 Portugal -6.2 36 Slovenia -7.0 37 Ukraine -8.9 38 Italy -9.7 39 Slovakia -13.8 40 Iran -14.4 41 Brazil -17.5 42 Korea -17.6 43 Hungary -18.0 44 Bulgaria -18.6 45 Saudi Arabia -19.5 46 India -19.7 47 Turkey -23.0 48 Croatia -28.3 49 Serbia -31.6 50 Greece -56.3 Output - Dev
Rank Country Score 1 Serbia 37.5 2 Israel 33.8 3 Portugal 32.7 4 Greece 32.3 5 United Kingdom 25.4 6 Denmark 18.8 7 Australia 17.8 8 Finland 17.5 9 South Africa 16.2 10 China 15.0 11 Sweden 13.9 12 Switzerland 11.1 13 Canada 9.2 14 New Zealand 6.4 15 United States 4.9 16 Netherlands 4.9 17 Belgium 2.9 18 Singapore 1.2 19 Slovenia -0.9 20 France -1.7 21 Brazil -2.5 22 Iran -3.3 23 Chile -3.8 24 Poland -6.3 25 Spain -8.3 26 Italy -11.5 27 Norway -12.7 28 Korea -13.7 29 Czech Republic -14.2 30 India -16.0 31 Germany -18.2 32 Austria -20.1 33 Malaysia -21.7 34 Ireland -23.7 35 Hong Kong SAR -26.6 36 Argentina -27.2 37 Japan -29.9 38 Russia -33.1 39 Taiwan - China -34.5 40 Turkey -39.0 41 Croatia -42.0 42 Bulgaria -47.6 43 Ukraine -47.9 44 Hungary -52.9 45 Slovakia -56.2 46 Thailand -61.2 47 Romania -63.1 48 Saudi Arabia -81.0 49 Mexico -81.2 50 Indonesia -127.2 Resources - Dev
Rank Country Score 1 Serbia 39.1 2 Malaysia 37.9 3 Ukraine 29.1 4 Sweden 26.1 5 Finland 25.9 6 Canada 24.9 7 Denmark 22.5 8 Saudi Arabia 21.0 9 South Africa 19.0 10 Turkey 17.7 11 India 17.3 12 Austria 17.0 13 Brazil 14.6 14 Switzerland 11.3 15 Portugal 8.6 16 Netherlands 6.8 17 United States 1.5 18 Belgium -0.5 19 China -0.9 20 France -0.9 21 Norway -1.2 22 Israel -1.4 23 Mexico -1.5 24 Greece -2.1 25 New Zealand -3.9 26 Australia -4.4 27 Poland -4.7 28 Korea -5.3 29 Slovakia -5.8 30 United Kingdom -6.0 31 Czech Republic -6.7 32 Singapore -9.3 33 Germany -12.2 34 Hong Kong SAR -13.7 35 Spain -16.5 36 Japan -19.2 37 Iran -19.7 38 Argentina -19.9 39 Chile -21.9 40 Croatia -22.3 41 Slovenia -22.4 42 Italy -29.6 43 Thailand -35.0 44 Romania -35.1 45 Taiwan - China -37.8 46 Russia -39.0 47 Hungary -42.4 48 Ireland -53.7 49 Bulgaria -54.1 50 Indonesia -62.4 -
- Year
- 2017
Overall
Rank Country Score 1 United States 100 2 Switzerland 86.9 3 United Kingdom 85.5 4 Denmark 83.5 5 Sweden 83.4 6 Singapore 80.8 7 Canada 80.2 8 Netherlands 80.0 9 Finland 79.9 10 Australia 79.6 11 Austria 75.0 12 Belgium 74.2 13 Norway 73.9 14 Hong Kong SAR 73.7 15 New Zealand 72.1 16 Germany 68.8 16 Israel 68.8 18 France 67.5 19 Ireland 66.7 20 Japan 63.2 21 Taiwan-China 60.7 22 Korea 59.0 23 Spain 57.3 24 Czech Republic 56.9 25 Malaysia 56.7 25 Saudi Arabia 56.7 27 Portugal 55.8 28 Italy 54.5 28 Slovenia 54.5 30 China 52.7 31 Hungary 50.8 32 Poland 50.0 33 Russia 49.9 34 Chile 49.4 35 Greece 47.7 35 Ukraine 47.7 37 South Africa 46.6 38 Slovakia 45.9 39 Serbia 44.1 40 Turkey 44.0 41 Argentina 43.5 42 Brazil 43.1 43 Croatia 42.5 44 Romania 41.6 45 Bulgaria 40.2 46 Mexico 40.0 47 Thailand 39.7 48 Iran 38.4 49 India 36.7 50 Indonesia 33.3 Connectivity
Rank Country Score 1 Switzerland 100.0 2 United Kingdom 87.0 3 Austria 85.6 4 Denmark 85.2 5 Netherlands 81.9 6 Sweden 80.9 7 New Zealand 80.6 8 Singapore 80.2 9 Belgium 78.0 10 Finland 76.6 11 Hong Kong SAR 74.3 12 Australia 74.2 13 United States 73.6 14 Canada 73.4 15 Germany 66.6 16 Norway 66.1 17 Ireland 65.7 18 France 63.0 19 Israel 60.0 20 Hungary 57.6 21 Czech Republic 56.9 22 Taiwan-China 50.5 23 Slovenia 50.3 24 Italy 50.1 25 Japan 49.1 26 Saudi Arabia 48.6 27 Spain 48.1 28 Portugal 47.4 29 Greece 44.4 30 Korea 44.3 31 South Africa 42.2 32 Romania 38.9 33 Slovakia 38.8 34 Malaysia 38.2 35 Thailand 38.0 36 Bulgaria 38.0 37 Chile 36.9 38 Ukraine 36.0 39 Serbia 35.5 40 Croatia 34.6 41 Indonesia 30.8 42 Mexico 30.6 43 Argentina 30.2 44 Russia 30.1 45 China 29.0 46 Poland 28.4 47 Turkey 25.6 48 Brazil 24.6 49 India 22.8 50 Iran 22.6 Environment
Rank Country Score 1 United States 100.0 2 New Zealand 95.9 3 Australia 95.7 4 Singapore 93.1 5 United Kingdom 91.7 6 Hong Kong SAR 91.5 7 Belgium 90.8 8 Finland 90.7 9 Netherlands 88.7 10 Taiwan-China 88.5 11 Ireland 87.8 12 Switzerland 86.1 13 Malaysia 85.5 14 Sweden 84.0 15 Chile 83.8 16 Norway 83.2 17 Poland 82.5 18 Israel 82.3 19 China 82.0 20 Canada 82.0 21 Denmark 81.2 22 Japan 81.1 23 France 80.9 24 Germany 80.3 25 Mexico 79.7 26 Thailand 78.8 27 Austria 78.7 28 South Africa 78.5 29 Russia 78.0 30 Romania 77.9 31 Argentina 77.8 32 Indonesia 77.1 33 Czech Republic 76.5 34 Spain 76.2 35 Slovenia 74.6 36 Portugal 74.6 37 Ukraine 72.8 38 Italy 72.6 39 Hungary 72.6 40 Slovakia 71.4 41 Iran 68.5 42 Brazil 68.0 43 Korea 67.5 44 Croatia 67.4 45 Bulgaria 67.1 46 Serbia 66.1 47 Turkey 65.9 48 Saudi Arabia 65.3 49 India 65.3 50 Greece 48.3 Output
Rank Country Score 1 United States 100.0 2 United Kingdom 69.0 3 Australia 64.0 4 Denmark 62.4 5 Sweden 62.1 6 Switzerland 61.9 7 Canada 61.2 8 Netherlands 60.0 9 Finland 57.1 10 Israel 56.0 11 Norway 54.2 12 Singapore 53.9 13 Germany 53.8 14 Belgium 53.2 15 Japan 51.3 16 France 51.0 17 Ireland 49.6 18 Korea 49.2 19 New Zealand 48.5 20 Austria 48.0 21 China 47.8 22 Hong Kong SAR 46.3 23 Spain 44.6 24 Taiwan-China 44.1 25 Italy 42.7 26 Russia 40.4 27 Portugal 39.9 28 Slovenia 39.5 29 Greece 38.5 30 Czech Republic 36.8 31 Poland 34.9 32 Hungary 31.2 33 Saudi Arabia 30.7 34 Croatia 29.3 35 Slovakia 29.2 36 Argentina 28.0 37 Brazil 27.9 38 South Africa 27.2 39 Malaysia 27.2 40 Iran 26.8 41 Chile 26.6 42 Bulgaria 26.5 43 Serbia 25.7 44 Turkey 25.5 45 Ukraine 23.5 46 Romania 21.3 47 Thailand 19.4 48 India 19.2 49 Mexico 18.1 50 Indonesia 13.6 Resources
Rank Country Score 1 Sweden 100.0 2 Denmark 98.2 3 Canada 96.3 4 Singapore 95.8 5 Switzerland 95.2 6 United States 92.8 7 Finland 91.1 8 Austria 89.4 9 Saudi Arabia 89.1 10 Norway 87.0 11 Malaysia 86.3 12 Hong Kong SAR 85.2 13 Netherlands 82.6 14 United Kingdom 81.7 15 Australia 73.2 16 Belgium 71.0 17 France 68.8 18 Ukraine 66.9 19 Israel 66.3 20 Germany 66.0 21 Korea 65.0 22 Turkey 62.9 23 New Zealand 62.7 24 Japan 61.7 25 Ireland 58.7 26 Portugal 58.5 27 Czech Republic 58.5 28 Chile 56.5 29 Taiwan-China 55.9 30 Spain 53.7 31 Serbia 53.0 32 Greece 52.8 33 Brazil 52.6 34 Poland 52.6 35 Slovenia 50.0 36 Italy 46.0 37 Slovakia 45.3 38 India 44.6 39 Hungary 44.2 40 Russia 43.8 41 South Africa 42.0 42 Mexico 40.0 43 China 39.3 44 Argentina 38.8 45 Croatia 37.7 46 Romania 34.4 47 Iran 34.3 48 Thailand 29.5 49 Bulgaria 29.4 50 Indonesia 20.4 Descriptions
Country Description Argentina In 2017 Argentina ranks 41st overall, which combines ranks of 44 in Resources, 31 in Environment, 43 in Connectivity and 36 in Output. The Output ranking has risen from 41st last year, but this has only improved it to the rank recorded five years ago. In the Resources category, the level of government expenditure on higher education as a share of GDP is ranked at 23 but total expenditure per student is ranked much lower at 48. The difference is explained by the high enrolment rate, ranked at 15. Among the Connectivity variables, the best ranking (29th) is for articles written jointly between academics and international collaborators and the worst rank is (46th) for articles written jointly with researchers from industry. Published articles per head are ranked at 43 and their average impact is ranked at 37. When the rankings are adjusted for differences in GDP per capita Argentina falls in the overall ranking to 42nd, which includes a fall in the Connectivity rank to 49th; its overall score is below that expected for its level of income. Australia In 2017 Australia ranks 10th overall, which combines ranks of 15 for Resources, 3 for Environment, 12 for Connectivity and 3 for Output. The ranking for Output is four places higher than it was five years ago. The ranking for Resources is pulled down by the low ranking (44th) for government expenditure on higher education, although the official data do not reflect the full cost of the student loans scheme. Private expenditure exceeds government expenditure so that total expenditure is ranked 17th and expenditure per student 10th. R&D expenditure by tertiary institutions as a share of GDP is ranked seventh. In the Connectivity measures, Australia ranks third on international student numbers but performs less well for connectivity with industry: ranked 21st by business for knowledge transfer and 27th for joint publications with industry. Australia is ranked first on publications per head but is twelfth on their average impact. It ranks eighth for participation rates and tenth for the (tertiary) educational qualifications of the labour force. The unemployment rate for those with tertiary qualifications compared with those whose highest qualification is final year of schooling or non-tertiary post school is around the median value for our 50 countries. Tertiary students and recent graduates are ranked 18th for numeracy and literacy. Australia is again ranked 10th when levels of GDP per capita are taken into account and the score is above that expected at its income level. Austrian 2017 Austria ranks 11th overall, which combines ranks of 8 for Resources, 27 for the Environment, 3 for Connectivity and 20 for Output. In Connectivity it ranks in the top six for three of the components: the share of international students, articles co-authored with international researchers and articles co-authored with industry researchers. Austria ranks fourth for government expenditures and twelfth for total expenditure as a share of GDP and is in the top six countries for R&D expenditure by tertiary institutions. Within Output, the highest rank is for the number of national researchers per head of population (tenth). Austria ranks 16th on published articles per head of population and 13th on their impact. Austrian tertiary students and recent graduates are ranked third on numeracy and literacy. When the rankings are adjusted for levels of GDP per capita, Austria’s ranking falls to 18th overall, but its score is what is expected at its income level. Belgium In 2017 Belgium ranks 12th overall, which combines ranks of 16 for Resources, 7 for Environment, 9 for Connectivity and 14 for Output. The Output ranking is two places higher than it was five year’s ago. Total expenditure as a share of GDP is ranked 28th but government expenditure is ranked tenth and expenditure per student is ranked 19th. The high rank for Environment is due in part to the country being ranked fourth by the WEF business survey. Within the Connectivity module, Belgium is ranked fourth for the proportion of articles co-authored with international collaborators. It has good links with industry: ranked seventh for joint publications and 13th for knowledge transfer. In Output, Belgium is ranked 14th for publications per head and tenth for their impact. Tertiary enrolled students and recent graduates are ranked fifth for numeracy and literacy. The enrollment rate is ranked 20th. Belgium’s overall ranking falls to 16th when performance is adjusted for levels of GDP per capita but its score is above that expected for a country at its level of income. Brazil In 2017 Brazil ranks 42nd overall, which combines ranks of 33 for Resources, 42 for Environment, 48 for Connectivity and 37 for Output. The absence of official data on private expenditure and R&D expenditure means that the ranking for Resources is only an approximation. Government expenditure on higher education as a share of GDP is ranked 34th. In the Output module Brazil is 11th on total publications but only 40th on publications per head and 47th for the average impact of papers. The country ranks 26th for the quality of its best three universities but is in the bottom decile for participation rate and the qualification of its workforce. Collaboration with international researchers and with local business are ranked in the bottom quintile. When the country standings are adjusted for levels of GDP per capita, Brazil rises to 28th in the rankings but its score is a little below that expected at its income level. Bulgaria In 2017 Bulgaria ranks 45th overall, three ranks higher than last year. The overall ranking combines ranks of 49 for Resources, 45 for Environment, 36 for Connectivity and 42 for Output. The Output rank has fallen five places since 2013. Bulgaria ranks 50th for government expenditure on higher education as a share of GDP and 44th for total expenditure. Bulgaria is ranked fifth for employment of those with a tertiary qualification relative to school leavers. Enrolment rates and the educational attainments of its workforce are around median levels. The absence of a university in the Shanghai top 500 lowers the rank for Output. Joint publications with international authors have increased to now rank 26th and joint publications with industry are ranked 31st. But business ranks knowledge transfer with them at a low 45th. When account is taken of the level of GDP per capita in each country, Bulgaria is ranked 49th and its score is well below the expected level. Canada In 2017 Canada is ranked 7th overall, a rise of two places from last year. The overall result combines ranks of 3 for Resources, 20 for Environment, 14 for Connectivity and 7 for Output. The rank for Environment has improved from previous years because the revised measure gives more weight to the numbers enrolled in non-university tertiary education. In Resources, Canada ranks second for total expenditure as a share of GDP and seventh for expenditure per student. In the Output category, Canada is ranked ninth for total publications and tenth for publications deflated by population. Its best three universities are ranked equal fourth. Canada is ranked first for the formal educational qualifications of its workforce but its tertiary students and recent graduates are ranked 17th for literacy and numeracy. In Connectivity, Canada ranks third for web impact and 18th for joint publications with international authors. Engagement with industry is above average: ranked 14th for knowledge transfer and 16th for joint publications. When levels of GDP per capita are taken into account, Canada ranks eleventh overall and the score is above that expected at its income level. Chile In 2017 Chile ranks 34th overall, which combines ranks of 28 for Resources, 15 for Environment, and 37 for Connectivity and 41st for Output. In the Resources category, government expenditure on tertiary education as a share of GDP has risen 20 places to 27th but this has substituted for private expenditure such that total expenditure has fallen three places to fifth. In the Connectivity category, Chile ranks tenth on the share of articles co-authored with international collaborators. There is less connectivity with industry: ranked 41st for co-authored articles and 36th for knowledge transfer. In Output, Chile does best on tertiary enrolment rates (seventh) but is ranked only 39th on the (tertiary) educational qualifications of its workforce. The literacy and numeracy skills of its tertiary students and recent graduates rank 29th. Chile ranks 36th for published articles per head of population. When levels of GDP per capita are allowed for, Chile ranks 36th overall and its score is below that expected at its income level. China In 2017 China ranks 30th overall, which combines ranks of 43 for Resources, 19 for Environment, 45 for Connectivity and 21 for Output. In the Resources category, total expenditure on higher education as a share of GDP is ranked 34th. Within the Connectivity category, knowledge transfer to industry is ranked 26th, the share of articles co-authored with industry is ranked 37th, but the proportion of articles written with international collaborators is the second lowest of all countries at 18%. Web impact is above average. In Output, China is ranked second on total publications but 42nd when population is allowed for. China has improved five ranks in Output over the last five years. When levels of GDP per capita are taken into account, China’s overall rank improves to 14th and its score is above that expected at its income level; it is ranked fourth for Output. Croatia In 2017 Croatia ranks 43rd overall, which combines ranks of 45 for Resources, 44 for Environment, 40 for Connectivity and 34 for Output. The Output rank is four above that for 2013. Public expenditure on higher education as a share of GDP is ranked 36th and total expenditure 34th. The highest ranked component in Connectivity is the share of research papers co-authored with industry (23rd) but business ranks knowledge transfer at 46. The Output category includes a rank of 30 for publications per head and their average impact is ranked at 35. The depth of quality in its universities and enrolment rates are at median levels. Croatia scores well (rank 14) for employment of those with a tertiary qualification compared with school leavers. The absence of a university in the Shanghai top 500 lowers the Output score. Croatia’s overall rank is 31 when allowance is made for income differences across countries and its overall score is less than expected at its level of income. It does best in Output where it is above expected value and is ranked 12th. Czech Republic In 2017 The Czech Republic ranks 24th overall, which combines ranks of 27 for Resources, 33 for Environment, 21 for Connectivity and 30 for Output. Expenditure (both public and private) as a share of GDP is ranked 33rd and research expenditure 14th. The Czech Republic is ranked 21st for joint publications with industry but business views on knowledge transfer give a much lower rank of 37. Most of the Output variables yield values around median levels, except that the country performs very well on the criterion of unemployment levels for those with a tertiary qualification compared with school leavers (ranked sixth). Publications adjusted for population and their impact are both ranked 24th. The Output rank has remained remarkably stable over five years of ranking. The literacy and numeracy scores of its students and recent graduates are ranked tenth. When levels of GDP per capita are taken into account the Czech Republic is ranked 21st and its score is about that expected at its level of income. Denmark In 2017 Denmark is ranked fourth overall, which combines ranks of 2 for Resources, 21 for Environment, 4 for Connectivity and 4 for Output. Within the Resources category, it is ranked fifth for government expenditure as a share of GDP and 13th for total expenditure (public plus private) per student. Denmark is ranked first for spending on research and development by tertiary institutions (as a share of GDP) and second for the number of national researchers per head of population. In the Connectivity module, Denmark is ranked in the top ten for all variables and first for joint publications with industry. It ranks ninth for international students. In Output it is ranked third for publications per head of population and second for their average impact. Denmark is ranked third for the overall quality of its universities. The Output rank has improved four places over the last five years. The literacy and numeracy scores of its students and recent graduates are ranked ninth. Denmark maintains its overall ranking of fourth when adjustment is made for different levels of GDP per capita. Its score is well above that expected at its level of income. Finland In 2017 Finland ranks ninth overall, which combines ranks of 7 for Resources, 8 for Environment, 10 for Connectivity and 9 for Output. It ranks third in government expenditure on higher education as a share of GDP but 13th on total expenditure (public plus private) per student. It ranks fifth for research expenditure by tertiary institutions and second in the number of national researchers per head of population. In Output, Finland is fourth on publications per head and 9th on their average impact. Enrolment rates are ranked fourth. Finland has fallen four places in Output over the last five years. In Connectivity, Finland is ranked fourth for Web transparency; seventh for knowledge transfer with business; and 12th for both joint publications with industry and with international authors. Tertiary students and recent graduates are ranked first for literacy and numeracy. When levels of GDP per capita are taken into account Finland’s overall ranking is unchanged at sixth and its score is well above what is expected given its level of income. France In 2017 France ranks 18th overall, which combines ranks of 17 in Resources, 23 in Environment, 18 in Connectivity, and 16 in Output. Within the Resources category it is ranked 19th for government expenditure as a share of GDP and 18th for total expenditure per student. (Private expenditure is about 20 per cent of total expenditure.) In Connectivity, France ranks eighth for joint publications with industry and 16th for joint publications with international authors. The rank for Connectivity is pulled down by the web connectivity variables: ranked 31st for web impact. France ranks 11th for international students. In the Output module France is ranked eighth for the standing of its best three universities. The total number of publications by the country’s universities is ranked sixth, but this falls to 23rd when adjusted for population. The average impact of publications is ranked 19th. French tertiary students and recent graduates are ranked 12th for numeracy and literacy. When levels of GDP per capita are taken into account, France’s overall rank is 24 and its score is around the level expected at its level of income. Germany In 2017 Germany is ranked equal 16th overall, which combines ranks of 20 for Resources, 24 for Environment, 15 for Connectivity and 13 for Output. In the Resources category it ranks 39th on total expenditure (public plus private) as a share of GDP but 14th on expenditure per student. The difference is explained by the relative low rank (31st) for the participation rate in higher education. In Connectivity Germany performs well on links with industry: ranked ninth for joint publications and 12th for knowledge transfer. It ranks 19th for the share of publications that have international co-authors. In Output, German universities are ranked fifth for total publications, 26th for publications deflated by population and 14th for the average impact of publications. The country ranks seventh on the standing of its best three universities. The Output rank has fallen four places over the last five years. The Environment score is pulled down in part because the points awarded for national policy disadvantages some federations. German tertiary students and recent graduates are ranked sixth for numeracy and literacy. When levels of GDP per capita are taken into account Germany’s overall ranking falls to 30th and its score is a little below what is expected given its level of income. Greece In 2017 Greece is ranked equal 35th overall, which combines ranks of 32 for Resources, 50 for Environment, 29 for Connectivity and 29 for Output. It ranks 11th for government expenditure on higher education as a share of GDP but 42nd for expenditure per student. This difference is explained by the high recorded participation rate in tertiary education, ranked first. In Connectivity, Greece is ranked 23rd for publications with international researchers and 26th for publications with industry, but business ranks the higher education sector at only 41st for knowledge transfer. Web connectivity is around median levels. Other than for the participation rate, the rankings for all the Output measures lie around median values: ranging from a rank of 22 for the average impact of research articles to 32nd for the quality of its best three universities. Tertiary students and recent graduates are ranked 25th for numeracy and literacy. Greece obtains the lowest score of all countries for the Environment owing to the very limited independence given to institutions and a low score given by business. When account is taken of levels of per capita GDP, Greece’s overall ranking improves to 23rd and is about the level expected at its level of income. Hong Kong SAR In 2017 Hong Kong SAR is ranked 14th overall, which combines ranks of 12 for Resources, 6 for Environment, 11 for Connectivity and 22 for Output. The Environment score is high reflecting a system that gives significant autonomy to institutions while maintaining overall surveillance. Government expenditure on higher education as a share of GDP is ranked 14th, total expenditure tenth, and expenditure per student third. In Connectivity, Hong Kong SAR is ranked second in articles co-authored with international collaborators. The higher education sector is ranked 11th for business satisfaction with the extent of knowledge transfer but is ranked lower at 32nd for articles written with industry. Web-based connectivity is ranked in the top 10. In the Output category, Hong Kong SAR is ranked 12th on publications per head and 15th on the impact of articles. When account is taken of levels of GDP per capita Hong Kong’s ranking falls to 26th and its score is a about that expected at its income level. Hungary In 2017 Hungary is ranked 31st overall, which combines ranks of 39 for Resources, 39 for Environment, 20 for Connectivity and 32 for Output. Government expenditure on higher education as a share of GDP ranks 39th and total expenditure per student ranks 33rd. The Connectivity ranking includes a ranking of sixth in joint publications with industry and 25th in joint publications with international authors. Within the Output category, Hungary is ranked first for employment of the tertiary educated workforce compared with those who left after completing final year of schooling. It is ranked 34th on publications per head and 30th on their impact. When account is taken of relative levels of GDP per capita, Hungary’s ranking is 41st and its score is below that expected at its income level. The adjusted rank has fallen from last year owing largely to Hungarian universities falling out of the Shanghai rankings. India In 2017 India is ranked 49th overall, which combines ranks of 38 for Resources, 49 for Environment, 49 for Connectivity and 48 for Output. It is ranked 17th for government expenditure on higher education as a share of GDP but 47th for expenditure on research by tertiary institutions. Within the Connectivity category, India ranks well down for joint publications: both with international authors (50th) and with industry (45th). It is scored higher by business on knowledge transfer (31st). It rates lowly for web connectivity of institutions. Within the Output category, India ranks 12th on total publications but 49th on publications per head. The average impact of articles is ranked at 45. When account is taken of relative levels of GDP per capita, India’s overall ranking rises 17th owing to large increases in the ranking for Resources (ninth) and Output (21st). India’s GDP-adjusted overall score is a little above the level expected at its income level. Indonesia In 2017 Indonesia is ranked 50th overall, which combines ranks of 50 for Resources, 32 for Environment, 41 for Connectivity and 50 for Output. It is ranked 49th for government expenditure on higher education as a share of GDP. In Connectivity, Indonesia ranks, 33rd for joint publications with industry, 39th for joint publications with international authors and 40th for knowledge transfer with business. There has been a notable decline in most of the connectivity scores from last year’s ranking. Indonesia ranks in the bottom quintile for all Output measures (except employment rates of the tertiary educated compared with school leavers) and loses points for not having a university in the Shanghai top 500. When allowance is made for levels of per capita GDP, Indonesia’s overall ranking remains at 50 and the score is well below that expected at its income level. Iran In 2017 Iran is ranked 48th overall, which combines ranks of 47 for Resources, 41 for Environment, 50 for Connectivity and 40 for Output. Government expenditure on higher education as a share of GDP is ranked 43rd and research expenditure by institutions is ranked 35th. Among the Connectivity measures Iran ranks 48th for joint publications both with international collaborators and with industry. Web-based impact is ranked 40th. The number of articles published by Iranian authors is ranked 16th, but this falls to 35th when population differences are allowed for; the average impact of articles is ranked 43rd. Iran ranks 29th for enrolment rates and 37th for the (tertiary) educational qualifications of its workforce. When account is taken of levels of GDP per capita, the rank for Output improves to 24th, and is about the level expected at Iran’s level of income. However, the improvement in the overall rank is less dramatic (to 40th) and the score is below that expected. Ireland In 2017 Ireland is ranked 19th overall, which combines ranks of 25 for Resources, 11 for Environment, 17 for Connectivity and 17 for Output. Heavy dependence on government funds shows up in a rank of 20th for government expenditure on higher education as a share of GDP but 40th for total expenditure. Expenditure per student is ranked 22nd. In Connectivity, Irish institutions perform relatively best in joint publications with international collaborators (ranked 9th). In links with business, Ireland is ranked 18th on both joint publications and knowledge transfer. In Output, Ireland is ranked 16th on both publications by tertiary institutions (per head of population) and their average impact. It ranks 11th for the educational levels of its workforce and seventh for employment of those with a tertiary qualification compared with school leavers. Irish tertiary students and recent graduates are ranked 22nd for numeracy and literacy. When account is taken of relative levels of GDP per capita Ireland’s ranking is 33rd, which is below the level expected at its income level. Israel In 2017 Israel is ranked 16th overall, which combines ranks of 19 for Resources, 18 for Environment, 19 for Connectivity and 10 for Output. The rank for Environment has risen due to the widened definition of diversity of institutions and an improvement in rating by business. Israel ranks 33rd for government expenditure on higher education as a share of GDP, which improves to 18th when private expenditure is added. Expenditure per student is ranked 20th. Emphasis is placed on research. Expenditure in tertiary institutions on R&D as a percentage of GDP is ranked 13th; Israel is ranked first for the number of researchers in the country per head of population. Research output per head of population is ranked 19th and the average impact of articles is ranked 18th. Israel is ranked third for knowledge transfer and 22nd for joint articles with industry. Web impact is ranked 23rd. Israel is ranked fifth for the educational qualifications of its workforce. Tertiary students and recent graduates are ranked 27th for literacy and numeracy. When account is taken of relative levels of GDP per capita, Israel’s ranking improves to ninth. Its score is above that expected at its income level. Italy In 2017 Italy is ranked equal 28th overall, which combines ranks of 36 for Resources, 38 for Environment, 24 for Connectivity and 25 for Output. Government expenditure on higher education (75 per cent of total expenditure) as a share of GDP is ranked 41st and R&D expenditure by institutions 28th. Expenditure per student is ranked 27th. In Connectivity, joint publications of academics with industry are ranked 19th and joint publications with international authors 28th. Knowledge transfer with firms is ranked 28th. In the Output category, Italy publishes the seventh largest number of journal articles but this rank falls to 21st when deflated by population size; the average impact of articles is ranked eighth. The three best performing universities are ranked 21st. Italy ranks 43rd on the education qualifications of its workforce and 33rd on number of researchers per head of population. Tertiary students and recent graduates rank 26th in numeracy and literacy. When account is taken of relative levels of GDP per capita, Italy’s ranking falls to 35th and its score is below that expected at its income level. Japan In 2017 Japan is ranked 20th overall, which combines ranks of 24 for Resources, 22 for Environment, 25 for Connectivity and 15 for Output. Total expenditure on higher education (of which two-thirds is private) as a share of GDP is ranked 23rd but, because the participation rate is a little below average, expenditure per student is ranked 12th. R&D expenditure by tertiary institutions is ranked 18th. Connectivity is predominantly internal: the percentage of articles co-authored with international researchers is ranked a lowly 45th. In contrast, Japan ranks fifth for the percentage of articles written jointly with industry collaborators, and knowledge transfer with domestic business is ranked 24th. In Output, Japan ranks fourth on total articles published but 22nd when population size is allowed for. The average impact of articles is ranked at 32. Japan ranks third on the quality of its best three universities and on the educational qualifications of its workforce. It ranks ninth for the number of researchers in the country. Japanese tertiary students and recent graduates are ranked seventh for literacy and numeracy. When account is taken of relative levels of GDP per capita, Japan’s rank falls to 36 and is below the level expected at its income level. Korea In 2017 Korea is ranked 22nd overall, which combines ranks of 21 for Resources, 43 for Environment, 30 for Connectivity and 18 for Output. Total expenditure on higher education (of which 60 per cent is private) as a share of GDP ranks seventh but expenditure per student ranks much lower at 34th because Korea has the second highest participation rate. Research expenditure by institutions is ranked 24th. The rank for Environment is pulled down by the relatively low proportion of students and staff who are female. Korean links with industry are ranked 11th for joint publications but 27th for knowledge transfer. Joint publications with international authors are ranked 44th. In the Output category, Korea ranks tenth on total publications but 22nd when adjusted for population size. The average impact of publications is ranked at 33. Korea ranks sixth on the education qualifications of its workforce, and fourth on total researchers in the nation (adjusted for population). Tertiary students and recent graduates are ranked 15th for numeracy and literacy. When account is taken of relative levels of GDP per capita, Korea’s overall rank falls to 34 and is a little below that expected at its income level. Malaysia In 2017 Malaysia is ranked 25th overall, which combines ranks of 11 for Resources, 13 for Environment, 34 for Connectivity and 39 for Output. Malaysia is ranked eighth for government expenditure on higher education as a share of GDP and expenditure per student ranks eleventh. Expenditure on R&D in tertiary institutions as a share of GDP ranks 11th. In Connectivity, Malaysia is ranked 16th for knowledge transfer with business, but joint publications with industry and with international collaborators are ranked much lower at 50th and 38th, respectively. Malaysian institutions are ranked 20th for total publications and 31st for publications per head of population. The country is ranked 36th for the educational attainment of the workforce and 31st for the number of researchers in the nation (adjusted for population). Over the last five years Malaysia has risen seven places in Output, the second highest improvement of any country. When account is taken of relative levels of GDP per capita, Malaysia’s overall ranking improves to 19th and the estimated overall score is around the level expected at Malaysia’s income level. Mexico In 2017 Mexico is ranked 46th overall, which combines ranks of 42 for Resources, 25 for Environment, 42 for Connectivity and 49 for Output. It ranks 35th for government expenditure on higher education (which is around 70 per cent of total expenditure) as a share of GDP and 41st for expenditure on research and development. In Connectivity, Mexico ranks 47th for joint publications with industry and 25th for knowledge transfer (14th if allowance is made for national income levels). Joint publications with international authors are ranked 32nd. Web connectivity is below average. In Output, Mexico is ranked 30th for total publications but 47th when adjusted for population. Tertiary enrolment rates are ranked 48th. When account is taken of levels of GDP per capita Mexico’s overall rank is 48 and the overall score is well below that expected at Mexico’s level of income. Netherlands In 2017 The Netherlands is ranked eighth overall, which combines ranks of 13 for Resources, 9 for Environment, 5 for Connectivity and 8 for Output. It is ranked 18th for total expenditure on higher education (which is 70 per cent government funded) as a share of GDP and ninth for expenditure per student. It ranks in the top ten countries for R&D expenditure by tertiary institutions. It ranks highly for Connectivity with business: fourth for both joint publications and knowledge transfer. Joint publications with international authors are ranked 14th and web connectivity is above average. In Output, the Netherlands performs strongly in research publications per head (sixth) and their average impact (third). The participation rate is ranked 18th, and the education qualifications of the workforce 19th. The standing of its universities is high: ranked fifth for depth and 12th for its best three universities. Output has exhibited a steady upward trend over the past five years. The literacy and numeracy skills of tertiary students and recent graduates are ranked second. When account is taken of levels of GDP per capita the overall rank is 13. The scores for each of the four broad categories and overall are above those expected at the Netherland’s income levels. New Zealand In 2017 New Zealand is ranked equal 15th overall, which combines ranks of 23 for Resources, 2 for Environment, 7 for Connectivity and 19 for Output. In expenditure as a share of GDP, New Zealand is ranked 30th for government expenditure, 11th for total expenditure and 25th for research expenditure. In Connectivity, New Zealand’s highest score is for the percentage of students who are international, where it is ranked second. For joint research it is ranked 11th for publications with international researchers and 25th for publications with industry. The rank for business views on knowledge transfer is tenth. In the Output category New Zealand is ranked 11th on publications per head and 21st on their average impact. Its tertiary enrolment rate is ranked 13th and the tertiary educational qualifications of its workforce is ranked 21st. The literacy and numeracy skills of tertiary students and recent graduates are ranked 16th. When account is taken of relative levels of GDP per capita, New Zealand’s rank improves to seventh and its score is above the level expected at its income level. Norway In 2017 Norway is ranked 13th overall, which combines ranks of 10 for Resources, 16 for Environment, 16 for Connectivity and 11 for Output. In expenditure as a share of GDP, Norway is ranked 6th for government expenditure (95 per cent of expenditure is public), 20th for total expenditure and 12th for research expenditure. Expenditure per student is ranked eighth. In Connectivity, co-authorship with international collaborators is ranked 13th and with industry 17th. Web connectivity is ranked seventh. In the Output variables, Norway scores highest for the average quality of its universities (seventh), number of national researchers (eighth) and research publications (ninth), each adjusted for population. The average impact of publications is ranked 11th. Norway is ranked 19th for participation rates in higher education and 13th for the tertiary educational qualifications of the workforce. The literacy and numeracy skills of tertiary students and recent graduates are ranked eighth. Norway’s overall rank falls to 29th when account is taken of levels of GDP per head and the overall score is a little below that expected at its high income level. Poland In 2017 Poland is ranked 32nd overall, which combines ranks of 34 for Resources, 17 for Environment, 46 for Connectivity and 31 for Output. In expenditure as a share of GDP, Poland is ranked 16th for government expenditure, 32nd for total expenditure and 32nd for research expenditure. Connectivity with industry is below average: Poland ranks 38th in joint articles with industry and 47th in knowledge transfer with business. In joint articles with international collaborators Poland is ranked 42nd. Web connectivity is a little below the median. In Output, Poland is ranked 19th on published articles but this falls to 32nd when adjusted for population. The average impact of articles is ranked at 28. Participation rates are ranked 22nd and the tertiary educational qualifications of the workforce 27th. Poland performs well (fourth) on the employment rates of those with a tertiary qualification compared with those who only completed final year of schooling. Tertiary students and recent graduates are rank 14th for literacy and numeracy. Poland’s rank remains at 32 when account is taken of levels of GDP per capita and its score is below that expected at its income level. Portugal In 2017 Portugal is ranked 27th overall, which combines ranks of 26 for Resources, 36 for Environment, 28 for Connectivity and 27 for Output. In expenditure as a share of GDP, Portugal is ranked 37th for government expenditure, 31st for total expenditure, but 10th for research expenditure. Under the heading of Connectivity, Portugal is ranked 20th for joint publications with international researchers and 36th for publications with industry. Knowledge transfer with business is ranked 22nd. In the Output module, publications per head are ranked 15th. The tertiary educational qualifications of the workforce are ranked 32nd and the tertiary enrolment rate is ranked 30th. When account is taken of relative levels of GDP per capita, Portugal’s ranking jumps to eighth (second on Output) and its score is above that expected at its level of income. Romania In 2017 Romania is ranked 44th overall, which combines ranks of 46 for Resources, 30 for Environment, 32 for Connectivity and 46 for Output. Total expenditure as a share of GDP is ranked 42nd and research expenditure 45th. The Environment measure benefits from institutions having a relatively high percentage of female staff (ranked seventh). In the Connectivity measures, knowledge transfer with business is ranked 20th, higher than joint publications (ranked 39th). Joint articles with international collaborators is ranked 41st. The absence of a university in the top 500 lowers the Output score. Romania is ranked 37th on research articles per head and 42nd on their average impact. When account is taken of relative levels of GDP per capita Romania is ranked 46th and its score is well below that expected at its level of income. Russia In 2017 Russia is ranked 33rd overall, which combines ranks of 40 for Resources, 29 for Environment, 44 for Connectivity and 26 for Output. In expenditure as a share of GDP, Russia is ranked 32nd for government expenditure as a share of GDP, 32nd for total expenditure and 43rd for research expenditure. In the Connectivity module, Russia is relatively weak on interactions with industry: it is ranked 43rd on joint publications with industry and 39th for knowledge transfer with firms. It ranks 35th for joint publications with international researchers. In the Output module, the Russia is ranked second for the educational qualifications of its workforce and eighth for the employment rates of those with a tertiary qualification compared with school leavers. Total research publications rank 21st, publications per head 45th and their average impact 31st. Over the last five years Russia has improved six places on Output, the (equal) third largest increase. Students and recent graduates are ranked 24th for literacy and numeracy. When account is taken of relative levels of GDP per capita the rank is 43 and the GDP adjusted score for Russia is well below that expected at its income level. Saudi Arabia In 2017 Saudi Arabia is ranked equal 25th overall, which combines ranks of 9 for Resources, 48 for Environment, 26 for Connectivity and 33 for Output. It is ranked first for government expenditure on higher education as a share of GDP. In the Connectivity module, Saudi Arabia is ranked first for the share of publications that have an international collaborator but it is ranked only 40th for joint publications with industry. Web connectivity is in the lowest quintile. The highest score in the Output module is for the quality of its best three universities where it is ranked 16th. It is ranked 39th for publications per head and 20th for their average impact. High government expenditure is now showing up in the Output rank that has improved 12 places over the last five years, the largest improvement for any country. However, Saudi Arabia’s high level of GDP per capita inevitably means that its ranking falls (to 47th) when income levels are allowed for. The GDP adjusted score for Saudi Arabia is well below that expected at its income level. Serbia In 2017 Serbia is ranked 39th overall, which combines ranks of 31 for Resources, 46 for Environment, 39 for Connectivity and 43 for Output. Government expenditure on higher education as a share of GDP is ranked 15th and expenditure by institutions on R&D is ranked 24th. Serbia ranks 42nd on joint publications with industry and 31st on joint publications with international authors. In the Output module, Serbia ranks 33rd in publications per head and 39th in their average impact. It ranks 29th for the average quality of its universities. The tertiary education qualifications of the work force are ranked 41st and the enrolment rate 37th. When account is taken of relative levels of GDP per capita Serbia’s rank jumps to first place and the score is well above that expected for its level of income. Singapore In 2017 Singapore is ranked sixth overall, which combines ranks of 4 for Resources, 4 for Environment, 8 for Connectivity and 12 for Output. It ranks 25th for government expenditure on tertiary education as a share of GDP, but first for both total expenditure per student and R&D expenditure by universities per head of population. In the Connectivity category, it ranks first for the relative importance of international students. It ranks fifth for the relative importance of joint publications with international authors, 30th for joint publications with industry and eighth for the degree of knowledge transfer with firms. Web impact is high. Singapore is ranked seventh for publications per head of population and their average impact is ranked fifth. The (tertiary) educational qualifications of the workforce is ranked fourth and the number of national researchers per head of population is ranked sixth. Singapore has risen six ranks in Output over the last five years, the (equal) third largest improvement among our 50 countries. Tertiary students and recent graduates are ranked 11th for literacy and numeracy. When allowance is made for national levels of GDP per head Singapore’s ranking falls to 20th but the score is around what is expected at its income levels. Slovakia In 2017 Slovakia is ranked 38th overall, which combines ranks of 37 for Resources, 40 for Environment, 33 for Connectivity and 35 for Output. Total expenditure on higher education (of which nearly 80 per cent is by government) as a share of GDP is ranked 46th; government expenditure at 38th. Slovakia is ranked 31st for R&D expenditure by tertiary institutions. Within the Connectivity module, Slovakia is ranked 36th for joint publications with international researchers, 34th for joint publications with industry and 42nd for knowledge transfer with firms. The Output score is lowered by the absence of any university in the Shanghai top 500. Publications per head are ranked at 29 and their average impact at 27. Slovakia ranks highly at twelfth for the employment rate of those with a tertiary qualification compared with school leavers. Tertiary students and recent graduates are ranked 13th for literacy and numeracy. When account is taken of relative levels of GDP per capita, Slovakia’s rank falls to 44 and its score is well below that expected at its income level. Slovenia In 2017 Slovenia is ranked 28th overall, which combines ranks of 35 for Resources, 35 for Environment, 23 for Connectivity and 28 for Output. It is ranked around the median level for many of the indicators. Government expenditure on higher education as a share of GDP is ranked 26th but because private expenditure is low (12 per cent) total expenditure is ranked 41st. In the Connectivity module, joint papers with industry are ranked 14th and with international collaborators 27th, but knowledge transfer with firms rates poorly at 42nd. Slovenia has slipped four places in the Output ranking over the last five years. It is ranked 18th for publications per head and 26th for their average impact. The highest ranking among the Output variables occurs for participation rates in higher education where Slovenia is ranked tenth. It is ranked 15th for the number of researchers in the nation per head of population. Tertiary students and recent graduates are ranked 19th in literacy and numeracy skills. When allowance is made for levels of GDP per capita, Slovenia is ranked 25th and the score is around that expected at its income level. South Africa In 2017 South Africa is ranked 37th overall, which combines ranks of 41 for resources, 28 for Environment, 31 for Connectivity and 38 for Output. Government expenditure on higher education as a share of GDP is ranked 46th and research expenditure 34th. The Environment rank is dragged down by a very low score on the World Economic Forum rating by business (ranked 50th) and its rank of 44 for data quality. In Connectivity, South Africa is 21st for joint publications with international researchers, 29th for joint publications with industry and 34th for knowledge transfer with firms. But web-based connectivity is in the bottom decile. South Africa’s rank in the Output module has improved six place over the last five years, the (equal) third largest improvement among our 50 countries. The tertiary education sector is ranked 41st for publications per head but 29th for their average impact. Both enrolment rates and the educational qualifications of the workforce are in the bottom decile. When allowance is made for differences in GDP per head, South Africa’s rank jumps to third (first for Connectivity) and the score is well above that expected at its level of income. Spain In 2017 Spain is ranked 23rd overall, which combines ranks of 30 for Resources, 34 for Environment, 27 for Connectivity and 23 for Output. As a share of GDP, Spain is ranked 31st for government expenditure (about 70 per cent of total expenditure), 36th for total expenditure and 27th for research expenditure in higher education. In engagement with the private sector, Spain ranks 20th for joint publications with industry and 35th for knowledge transfer. Joint publications with international collaborators are ranked 24th. Spain’s tertiary institutions are ranked 20th for web connectivity. In Output, Spain is ranked 13th for total publications and 25th on a per capita basis. The average impact of published articles is ranked 23rd. The participation rate in tertiary education is ranked third which is much higher than the educational qualifications of the workforce (ranked 20th). Tertiary students and recent graduates are ranked 23rd for literacy and numeracy skills. When allowance is made for differences in GDP per head, Spain’s rank is 27 and its score is around that expected at its level of income. Sweden In 2017 Sweden is ranked fifth overall, which combines ranks of 1 for Resources, 14 for Environment, 6 for Connectivity and 5 for Output. In Resources as a share of GDP, Sweden is ranked seventh for government expenditure (about 90 per cent of total expenditure), 15th for total expenditure and second for research expenditure. Expenditure per student is ranked sixth. Sweden’s lowest rank is for Environment which owes to its score for institutional autonomy being only around median values. Sweden performs well in engagement with industry: ranks third for joint publications and sixth for knowledge transfer. It ranks eighth for joint publications with international researchers and is in the top ten for web connectivity. In Output, Sweden is ranked second for publications per head and seventh for their average impact. Its university sector is ranked second for average quality. It is ranked 15th for the educational qualifications of its workforce and fifth for the number of researchers in the nation per capita. Tertiary students and recent graduates are ranked fourth for literacy and numeracy skills. When allowance is made for levels of GDP per capita, Sweden is ranked fifth overall and its score is well above that expected at its level of income. Switzerland In 2017 Switzerland is ranked second overall, which combines ranks of 5 for Resources, 12 for Environment, 1 for Connectivity and 6 for Output. Government expenditure on higher education as a share of GDP ranks 13th and expenditure per student fifth. Switzerland ranks third for R&D expenditure by tertiary institutions. Connectivity within the nation and externally is high. It is rated first for knowledge transfer with firms, 10th for joint publications with industry, and third for joint publications with international researchers. It is fifth for the proportion of students who are international. Web-based impact is ranked second. In Output, Switzerland is ranked fifth for publications per head and first for their average impact. Its universities are ranked first for average quality. It ranks 14th for the educational qualifications of its workforce and 13th for the number of researchers in the nation per head of population. When levels of GDP per capita are taken into account, Switzerland is ranked 12th and its score is above that expected at its level of income. Taiwan-China In 2017 Taiwan-China is ranked 21st overall, which combines ranks of 29 for Resources, 10 for Environment, 22 for Connectivity and 24 for Output. Expenditure on higher education as a share of GDP is ranked 21st, of which about one-half is private. In Connectivity, knowledge transfer with firms is rated 19th but joint publications with industry are ranked lower at 35th. Joint publications with international researchers are rated lowly at 47th. Taiwan-China ranks fifth for Web connectivity. In Output, it is ranked 15th for total publications and 36th for their average impact. It is ranked eighth for the educational qualifications of its workforce and ninth for the enrolment rate in higher education. Taiwan-China is well provided with researchers per head of population where it is ranked seventh. When levels of GDP per capita are taken into account, Taiwan-China slips to 38th in the ranking and is below the level expected at its income level. Thailand In 2017 Thailand is ranked equal 47th overall, which combines ranks of 48 for Resources, 26 for Environment, 35 for Connectivity and 47 for Output. Government expenditure on higher education as a share of GDP is ranked 45th and expenditure on R&D is ranked 42nd. In Connectivity, knowledge transfer with industry is 30th, a fall of 15 places from last year. Joint publications with industry are ranked 24th, those with international researchers are ranked 34th. The Output score is negatively impacted from having no university in the Shanghai top 500. Publications per head are ranked 46th and their average impact 40th. The (tertiary) educational qualifications of the workforce is ranked 40th. When levels of GDP per capita are taken into account, Thailand ranks 45th but this includes a rank of 16th for Connectivity, an attribute which is important at Thailand’s stage in development. Thailand’s adjusted score is well below that expected at its level of income. Turkey In 2017 Turkey is ranked equal 40th overall, a rise of five places from last year. The overall rank includes ranks of 22 for Resources, 47 for Environment, 47 for Connectivity and 44 for Output. Government expenditure on higher education as a share of GDP ranks ninth, total expenditure ranks 16th and research expenditure by tertiary institutions ranks 20th. Among the Connectivity variables the highest rank (29th) is for knowledge transfer with firms. But research links are not strong: for articles written jointly with international collaborators Turkey ranks 46th, for joint articles with industry it ranks 49th. In Output, Turkish institutions of higher education rank 17th for total publications but 38th for publications per head. Citations per article are ranked 44th. Participation rates are ranked 16th but it will take time for this to flow through to the educational qualifications of the workforce (currently ranked 42nd). The number of researchers per head of population is ranked 40th. Tertiary students and recent graduates are ranked 28th for literacy and numeracy. When levels of GDP per capita are taken into account, Turkey’s rank is 37th and its score is below that expected at its level of income. Ukraine In 2017 Ukraine is ranked 35th overall, which combines ranks of 18 for Resources, 37 for Environment, 38 for Connectivity and 45 for Output. Ukraine is second for government expenditure on higher education as a share of GDP. However because of the high participation rate (ranked 11th) expenditure per student is in the lower quintile. R&D expenditure by tertiary institutions has a low ranking of 46. In Connectivity, Ukraine ranks 28th for joint publications with industry but only 43rd for knowledge transfer with industry. It ranks 35th for joint publications with international authors. In Output, Ukraine loses points for not having a flagship university in the Shanghai top 500. Ukraine ranks 48th for both total publications and publications per head of population and 50th for their average impact. The Output rank has fallen ten places over the last five years. Enrolment rates are ranked 11th and the level of (tertiary) educational qualifications of its workforce is ranked 16th. When levels of GDP per capita are taken into account, Ukraine’s overall ranking improves to 22nd and its score is about that expected at its income level. United Kingdom In 2017 The United Kingdom is ranked third overall, which combines ranks of 6 for Resources, 1 for Environment, 2 for Connectivity and 2 for Output. As a share of GDP, government expenditure on higher education is ranked 21st, total expenditure eighth and research expenditure 19th. Expenditure per student is ranked fourth which reflects the lower than average participation rate (ranked 39th). Connectivity with industry is relatively strong: the United Kingdom ranks ninth for knowledge transfer with business and 13th for joint publications. In joint publications with international authors it is ranked 15th. The United Kingdom ranks fourth for the percentage of students who are international and fourth for the number of times external users access websites (deflated by population). In the Output category, the United Kingdom ranks third for total publications, eighth for publications per head of population and sixth for the average impact of articles. It ranks second for the quality of its best three universities. It is ranked ninth for the (tertiary) educational qualifications of the workforce and 16th for researchers per head of population. UK (England) students and recent graduates are ranked 21st for literacy and numeracy. When levels of GDP per capita are taken into account, the United Kingdom is ranked second and its score is well above the level expected at its income level. United States In 2017 The United States is ranked first overall, which combines ranks of 6 for Resources, 1 for Environment, 13 for Connectivity and 1 for Output. Expenditure on higher education as a share of GDP is ranked first (split about evenly between public and private) and expenditure per student second. R&D expenditure by tertiary institutions as a share of GDP is ranked 22nd. Links with the private sector are strong: knowledge transfer is rated second and joint publications 15th. However, joint publications with international authors rank only 37th. Although the United States has the largest absolute number of international students, as a share of its total students it ranks only 22nd. It ranks first for the number of times external users access websites of tertiary institutions even when adjusted for population. In Output, the United States is first for total publications, 20th for publications per head of population and fourth for the average impact of articles. It ranks sixth for participation rates and seventh for the (tertiary) educational credentials of its workforce. It is ranked first for the quality of its best three universities and 20th for the national number of researchers per head of population. Tertiary students and recent graduates are ranked 20th for literacy and numeracy skills. When levels of GDP per capita are taken into account, the overall rank for the United States falls to 15th but its score is above the level expected at its income level. Overall - Dev
Rank Country Score 1 Serbia 26.9 2 United Kingdom 21.2 3 South Africa 20.2 4 Denmark 16.8 5 Sweden 16.6 6 Finland 16.5 7 New Zealand 13.7 8 Portugal 11.6 9 Israel 11.3 10 Australia 10.8 11 Canada 10.5 12 Switzerland 10.4 13 Netherlands 8.5 14 China 7.0 15 United States 5.4 16 Belgium 4.7 17 India 1.0 18 Austria -0.4 19 Malaysia -0.4 20 Singapore -2.3 21 Czech Republic -5.4 22 Ukraine -6.3 23 Greece -6.3 24 France -7.1 25 Slovenia -7.3 26 Hong Kong SAR -8.3 27 Spain -9.0 28 Brazil -10.6 29 Norway -10.7 30 Germany -11.8 31 Croatia -12.6 32 Poland -14.3 33 Ireland -15.8 34 Korea -18.4 35 Italy -18.6 36 Japan -20.1 37 Turkey -22.9 38 Taiwan - China -23.2 39 Chile -23.3 40 Iran -23.6 41 Hungary -25.3 42 Argentina -30.4 43 Russia -34.0 44 Slovakia -37.5 45 Thailand -39.8 46 Romania -41.0 47 Saudi Arabia -43.3 48 Mexico -44.3 49 Bulgaria -47.8 50 Indonesia -68.7 Connectivity - Dev
Rank Country Score 1 South Africa 52.2 2 Ukraine 48.0 3 Serbia 35.5 4 United Kingdom 34.1 5 New Zealand 32.2 6 Switzerland 26.1 7 Denmark 21.7 8 Austria 21.0 9 Hungary 20.4 10 Finland 18.0 11 Czech Republic 14.0 12 Belgium 13.8 13 Netherlands 12.6 14 Canada 11.6 15 Sweden 11.3 16 Thailand 6.9 17 India 6.6 18 Australia 5.0 19 Portugal -5.1 20 Greece -5.2 21 Hong Kong SAR -7.1 22 Israel -7.3 23 Germany -7.9 24 Bulgaria -9.5 25 Slovenia -9.9 26 United States -11.6 27 France -12.3 28 Ireland -14.4 29 Singapore -15.5 30 Romania -16.1 31 Indonesia -18.4 32 Italy -18.9 33 China -20.1 34 Spain -20.4 35 Norway -30.6 36 Slovakia -31.0 37 Taiwan-China -36.7 38 Malaysia -41.8 39 Japan -42.1 40 Croatia -43.8 41 Brazil -49.1 42 Korea -49.6 43 Poland -50.8 44 Chile -52.6 45 Saudi Arabia -57.4 46 Mexico -57.9 47 Russia -57.9 48 Turkey -62.8 49 Argentina -66.0 50 Iran -72.6 Environment - Dev
Rank Country Score 1 United States 23.7 2 New Zealand 19.8 3 Australia 19.6 4 Singapore 16.5 5 United Kingdom 15.2 6 Hong Kong SAR 15.0 7 Belgium 14.0 8 Finland 13.7 9 Netherlands 11.8 10 Taiwan-China 11.2 11 Ireland 10.6 12 Switzerland 7.6 13 Malaysia 7.6 14 Sweden 6.2 15 Norway 4.5 16 Chile 4.4 17 Israel 4.2 18 China 3.8 19 Canada 3.6 20 Poland 3.4 21 Denmark 2.4 22 France 2.3 23 Germany 1.0 24 Japan 0.7 25 Austria -0.9 26 Thailand -1.3 27 Mexico -1.3 28 Russia -2.6 29 Indonesia -3.0 30 Argentina -3.1 31 Czech Republic -3.8 32 Romania -4.0 33 Spain -4.4 34 South Africa -5.6 35 Slovenia -6.6 36 Portugal -7.1 37 Ukraine -9.1 38 Italy -9.4 39 Hungary -10.9 40 Slovakia -12.6 41 Iran -14.7 42 Korea -16.8 43 Brazil -17.8 44 Croatia -18.5 45 Bulgaria -19.0 46 Serbia -19.9 47 Turkey -20.5 48 Saudi Arabia -20.6 49 India -21.4 50 Greece -56.7 Output - Dev
Rank Country Score 1 Serbia 41.4 2 Portugal 32.3 3 Israel 27.6 4 China 24.8 5 United Kingdom 23.0 6 Sweden 19.9 7 Greece 19.1 8 Australia 18.8 9 South Africa 18.6 10 Denmark 18.6 11 Finland 13.1 12 Croatia 12.6 13 New Zealand 11.7 14 Canada 7.6 15 United States 7.2 16 Netherlands 7.0 17 Switzerland 6.6 18 Singapore 0.9 19 Belgium -0.5 20 Slovenia -0.5 21 India -0.6 22 Brazil -1.0 23 Spain -2.0 24 Iran -2.1 25 Malaysia -7.8 26 Korea -8.4 27 Norway -9.0 28 Poland -9.2 29 France -11.2 30 Italy -15.6 31 Czech Republic -17.9 32 Austria -18.1 33 Germany -18.3 34 Ireland -20.9 35 Hong Kong SAR -22.5 36 Japan -22.6 37 Taiwan-China -28.1 38 Argentina -28.1 39 Chile -28.2 40 Turkey -31.0 41 Russia -36.8 42 Ukraine -55.1 43 Hungary -55.8 44 Slovakia -60.7 45 Romania -68.5 46 Mexico -71.2 47 Bulgaria -77.3 48 Saudi Arabia -79.4 49 Thailand -84.1 50 Indonesia -126.2 Resources - Dev
Rank Country Score 1 Malaysia 47.6 2 Ukraine 39.5 3 Serbia 36.4 4 Turkey 31.0 5 Sweden 25.5 6 Finland 24.7 7 Denmark 22.9 8 Canada 22.1 9 India 20.9 10 Saudi Arabia 20.2 11 South Africa 17.1 12 Brazil 16.2 13 Austria 14.2 14 United Kingdom 10.5 15 Portugal 5.4 16 Switzerland 5.2 17 Israel 4.4 18 Netherlands 4.2 19 China 1.8 20 United States 0.2 21 Czech Republic -1.1 22 France -3.1 23 Belgium -3.4 24 Hong Kong SAR -4.2 25 Poland -5.6 26 New Zealand -6.9 27 Greece -8.1 28 Australia -8.2 29 Korea -8.9 30 Norway -9.5 31 Chile -11.9 32 Japan -13.8 33 Singapore -14.5 34 Germany -15.3 35 Spain -16.2 36 Slovenia -18.8 37 Mexico -19.7 38 Slovakia -22.4 39 Hungary -24.1 40 Croatia -26.1 41 Iran -26.3 42 Argentina -26.7 43 Italy -33.6 44 Ireland -33.6 45 Taiwan-China -34.1 46 Russian Federation -36.0 47 Thailand -36.5 48 Romania -47.8 49 Bulgaria -55.7 50 Indonesia -69.7 -
- Year
- 2016
Overall
Rank Country Score 1 United States 100.0 2 Switzerland 87.2 3 Denmark 84.8 4 United Kingdom 84.3 5 Sweden 82.2 6 Finland 82.0 7 Netherlands 81.6 8 Singapore 80.6 9 Canada 79.6 10 Australia 77.6 11 Belgium 75.7 12 Norway 75.3 13 Austria 74.7 14 New Zealand 70.9 14 Hong Kong SAR 70.9 16 Germany 70.3 17 France 68.3 18 Israel 67.6 19 Ireland 65.2 20 Japan 64.2 21 Taiwan 62.4 22 Czech Republic 60.0 23 Korea 59.7 24 Spain 58.3 25 Portugal 56.6 26 Slovenia 56.0 27 Malaysia 54.4 28 Saudi Arabia 53.8 28 Italy 53.8 30 China 51.8 31 Hungary 51.6 32 Poland 50.8 33 Chile 49.7 34 Russian Federation 49.1 35 Slovakia 47.8 36 Greece 47.0 37 South Africa 45.6 38 Brazil 45.1 39 Serbia 43.9 40 Argentina 43.7 41 Romania 42.4 42 Ukraine 42.1 43 Mexico 41.3 44 Thailand 40.7 44 Turkey 40.7 46 Croatia 40.5 47 Iran 39.7 48 Bulgaria 39.2 49 India 38.0 50 Indonesia 36.9 Connectivity
Rank Country Score 1 Switzerland 100.0 2 Denmark 88.1 3 Austria 87.5 4 United Kingdom 85.3 5 Belgium 83.0 6 Netherlands 81.8 7 Sweden 81.5 8 Singapore 80.8 9 Finland 79.3 10 New Zealand 77.4 11 Canada 75.3 12 Hong Kong SAR 74.9 13 Australia 72.7 14 United States 72.4 15 Germany 70.1 16 Norway 69.6 17 Czech Republic 65.2 18 Ireland 63.8 19 France 63.4 20 Israel 58.9 21 Hungary 57.6 22 Taiwan 56.6 23 Slovenia 52.3 24 Japan 52.1 25 Spain 51.2 26 Portugal 51.1 27 Italy 49.6 28 Korea 49.5 29 Saudi Arabia 48.4 30 South Africa 45.9 31 Greece 42.8 32 Indonesia 42.0 33 Slovakia 41.3 34 Malaysia 40.9 35 Chile 39.7 36 Thailand 38.7 37 Romania 38.6 38 Croatia 35.5 39 Russian Federation 31.7 40 Mexico 31.7 41 Bulgaria 31.6 42 Poland 31.4 43 Serbia 31.3 44 Argentina 31.2 45 China 29.5 46 Ukraine 27.1 47 Brazil 25.3 48 Turkey 25.0 49 India 24.6 50 Iran 23.7 Environment
Rank Country Score 1 United States 100.0 2 Hong Kong SAR 98.7 3 Finland 97.0 4 New Zealand 97.0 5 Netherlands 96.7 6 Singapore 94.8 7 Australia 94.0 8 Switzerland 93.6 9 Belgium 92.9 10 United Kingdom 91.5 11 Norway 90.1 12 Poland 88.8 13 Taiwan 88.6 14 Malaysia 87.9 15 Romania 87.2 16 Chile 86.8 17 Japan 85.9 18 Ireland 85.8 19 France 84.8 20 Czech Republic 84.1 21 Thailand 84.1 22 Mexico 83.9 23 Sweden 83.5 24 Austria 82.6 25 Russian Federation 82.5 26 China 82.2 27 Portugal 82.1 28 Germany 81.3 29 Indonesia 81.2 30 Slovenia 80.3 31 Denmark 80.3 32 Israel 80.1 33 Spain 79.1 34 Canada 78.4 35 Slovakia 78.1 36 Argentina 77.7 37 Hungary 75.5 38 Bulgaria 74.4 39 South Africa 74.0 40 Brazil 73.9 41 Serbia 73.3 42 Italy 72.5 43 India 71.8 44 Korea 71.4 45 Iran 69.1 46 Ukraine 69.0 47 Croatia 67.5 48 Saudi Arabia 64.1 49 Turkey 62.3 50 Greece 50.0 Output
Rank Country Score 1 United States 100.0 2 United Kingdom 69.8 3 Australia 63.0 4 Denmark 62.9 5 Sweden 62.5 5 Switzerland 62.3 7 Canada 62.1 8 Netherlands 60.9 9 Finland 59.5 10 Israel 57.4 11 Germany 55.2 12 Norway 54.6 13 Belgium 54.5 14 France 52.9 15 Singapore 52.7 16 Japan 52.0 17 Ireland 48.8 18 Korea 48.4 19 Austria 46.9 20 China 46.6 21 New Zealand 45.8 22 Taiwan 45.6 23 Hong Kong SAR 45.1 24 Spain 44.9 25 Italy 42.8 26 Portugal 39.3 27 Slovenia 39.2 28 Greece 38.5 29 Russian Federation 37.4 30 Czech Republic 35.9 31 Poland 33.9 32 Hungary 33.5 33 Brazil 31.7 34 Slovakia 30.6 35 Chile 27.8 36 Saudi Arabia 27.4 37 South Africa 26.2 38 Turkey 25.8 39 Iran 25.6 40 Croatia 25.3 41 Argentina 25.1 42 Bulgaria 24.9 43 Malaysia 24.8 44 Serbia 24.8 45 Ukraine 23.3 46 Romania 20.0 47 India 19.1 48 Thailand 18.8 49 Mexico 18.1 50 Indonesia 14.8 Resources
Rank Country Score 1 Denmark 100.0 2 Singapore 93.8 3 United States 92.7 4 Canada 92.2 5 Sweden 92.1 6 Switzerland 87.7 7 Finland 86.2 8 Austria 83.5 9 Saudi Arabia 83.2 10 Norway 81.3 11 Netherlands 79.0 12 United Kingdom 75.4 13 Malaysia 74.6 14 Australia 68.3 15 Belgium 66.9 16 Hong Kong SAR 65.8 17 Germany 65.1 18 New Zealand 63.9 19 France 63.8 20 Israel 60.3 21 Korea 59.8 22 Czech Republic 57.9 23 Japan 56.6 24 Ireland 55.8 25 Taiwan 54.0 26 Ukraine 53.0 27 Portugal 51.5 28 Spain 50.9 29 Turkey 50.3 30 Serbia 50.1 31 Slovenia 49.4 32 Greece 49.0 33 Chile 48.8 34 Poland 48.1 35 Brazil 47.1 36 Argentina 44.1 37 Italy 42.7 38 India 42.1 39 Slovakia 41.7 40 Mexico 40.4 41 Iran 40.3 42 South Africa 39.9 43 Hungary 39.7 44 Russian Federation 39.5 45 China 35.9 46 Croatia 34.9 47 Romania 31.3 48 Thailand 28.9 49 Bulgaria 26.5 50 Indonesia 19.1 Overall - Dev
Rank Country Score 1 United Kingdom 21.6 2 Serbia 19.2 3 Denmark 17.7 4 Sweden 15.2 5 China 14.8 6 Finland 14.0 7 South Africa 12.4 8 Portugal 10.1 9 Canada 10.0 10 New Zealand 10.0 11 Israel 9.8 12 Switzerland 9.7 13 Netherlands 6.6 14 Australia 6.4 15 India 5.6 16 United States 4.4 17 Belgium 3.9 18 Hungary -0.5 19 Czech Republic -1.1 20 Austria -1.8 21 Malaysia -2.7 22 Brazil -6.2 23 Slovenia -6.4 24 Singapore -7.2 25 France -7.6 26 Germany -8.7 27 Norway -9.7 28 Poland -9.9 29 Spain -9.9 30 Greece -11.7 31 Korea -12.6 32 Hong Kong SAR -13.7 33 Ukraine -13.8 34 Ireland -17.4 35 Japan -18.5 36 Chile -18.8 37 Taiwan - China -19.3 38 Iran -21.4 39 Italy -23.6 40 Turkey -24.4 41 Romania -33.4 42 Thailand -33.8 43 Slovakia -35.2 44 Russia -36.0 45 Croatia -36.3 46 Argentina -38.2 47 Mexico -38.2 48 Saudi Arabia -44.9 49 Bulgaria -45.8 50 Indonesia -55.7 Connectivity - Dev
Rank Country Score 1 United Kingdom 32.4 2 New Zealand 29.4 3 South Africa 26.9 4 Switzerland 26.4 5 Denmark 24.1 6 Czech Republic 23.7 7 Hungary 23.1 8 Austria 19.5 9 Belgium 17.9 10 Thailand 16.4 11 Finland 13.5 12 Sweden 11.8 13 Canada 11.3 14 Indonesia 11.2 15 Netherlands 6.2 16 Ukraine 1.2 17 Australia 0.4 18 Portugal -0.1 19 Romania -0.6 20 India -2.4 21 Germany -4.7 22 Hong Kong SAR -7.7 23 Bulgaria -13.6 24 Slovenia -13.7 25 United States -14.5 26 Spain -16.5 27 Serbia -16.7 28 Ireland -17.8 29 France -17.8 30 Greece -19.0 31 China -20.1 32 Singapore -20.8 33 Israel -20.8 34 Slovakia -21.9 35 Norway -26.9 36 Italy -27.7 37 Taiwan-China -28.6 38 Malaysia -30.3 39 Japan -37.5 40 Korea -40.0 41 Poland -41.5 42 Chile -44.5 43 Croatia -45.5 44 Brazil -46.4 45 Russia -53.8 46 Mexico -54.6 47 Saudi Arabia -60.8 48 Turkey -62.1 49 Argentina -72.4 50 Iran -80.6 Environment - Dev
Rank Country Score 1 United States 10.1 2 Hong Kong SAR 9.3 3 New Zealand 8.7 4 Finland 8.7 5 Netherlands 8.6 6 Singapore 7.5 7 Australia 7.2 8 Switzerland 6.6 9 Belgium 6.5 10 United Kingdom 5.8 11 Norway 4.9 12 Taiwan-China 4.7 13 Poland 3.6 14 Malaysia 3.4 15 Romania 2.4 16 Ireland 2.3 17 Chile 2.3 18 France 1.9 19 Japan 1.4 20 Czech Republic 1.1 21 Sweden 1.0 22 Thailand 0.9 23 Austria 0.4 24 China 0.1 25 Portugal 0.1 26 Russia -0.2 27 Mexico -0.4 28 Indonesia -0.5 29 Germany -0.8 30 Slovenia -1.0 31 Israel -1.3 32 Denmark -1.4 33 Spain -2.2 34 Canada -2.9 35 Argentina -3.4 36 Slovakia -3.6 37 Hungary -4.7 38 Bulgaria -5.5 39 Serbia -6.2 40 Italy -6.6 41 Brazil -6.8 42 India -7.0 43 Korea -7.1 44 South Africa -7.3 45 Iran -8.8 46 Ukraine -9.6 47 Croatia -11.1 48 Saudi Arabia -13.3 49 Turkey -15.5 50 Greece -28.5 Output - Dev
Rank Country Score 1 Serbia 39.3 2 China 38.5 3 Israel 35.3 4 United Kingdom 28.2 5 Portugal 26.5 6 Sweden 20.0 7 Denmark 17.1 8 Australia 16.0 9 Finland 13.5 10 South Africa 11.0 11 United States 8.7 12 Canada 8.6 13 Netherlands 7.5 14 Switzerland 7.0 15 India 5.8 16 Brazil 4.0 17 New Zealand 3.4 18 Greece 2.6 19 Hungary 1.4 20 Belgium -0.3 21 Slovenia -0.5 22 Iran -3.5 23 Korea -3.8 24 Poland -4.2 25 Singapore -6.1 26 Spain -6.8 27 Norway -7.3 28 France -7.9 29 Malaysia -13.0 30 Germany -13.9 31 Chile -15.2 32 Czech Republic -17.9 33 Japan -20.3 34 Ireland -20.5 35 Austria -20.6 36 Italy -22.3 37 Taiwan-China -22.5 38 Hong Kong SAR -24.2 39 Turkey -30.6 40 Ukraine -43.4 41 Russia -45.2 42 Argentina -46.1 43 Croatia -47.5 44 Romania -63.7 45 Mexico -63.7 46 Slovakia -63.8 47 Bulgaria -76.8 48 Thailand -80.8 49 Saudi Arabia -84.7 50 Indonesia -116.4 Resources - Dev
Rank Country Score 1 Serbia 40.5 2 Malaysia 39.6 3 Denmark 31.4 4 Ukraine 26.4 5 India 25.7 6 Canada 24.6 7 Sweden 23.2 8 Finland 20.8 9 South Africa 20.3 10 Saudi Arabia 18.8 11 Turkey 17.0 12 China 16.8 13 Brazil 14.2 14 United Kingdom 13.1 15 Austria 12.2 16 United States 8.9 17 Czech Republic 5.7 18 New Zealand 4.9 19 Netherlands 3.3 20 Switzerland 1.4 21 Israel 0.8 22 Portugal -2.5 23 Poland -2.9 24 Belgium -4.5 25 France -6.5 26 Australia -7.6 27 Korea -8.5 28 Mexico -8.7 29 Germany -10.0 30 Iran -10.4 31 Singapore -10.6 32 Norway -12.2 33 Japan -15.8 34 Greece -16.1 35 Slovenia -16.2 36 Spain -17.0 37 Chile -21.5 38 Hong Kong SAR -21.9 39 Argentina -22.7 40 Slovakia -23.0 41 Hungary -23.7 42 Thailand -25.0 43 Taiwan-China -27.6 44 Croatia -29.7 45 Ireland -30.3 46 Russia -35.4 47 Italy -38.9 48 Romania -41.1 49 Bulgaria -56.3 50 Indonesia -56.4 -
- Year
- 2015
Overall
Rank Country Score 1 United States 100 2 Switzerland 87 3 Denmark 85 4 Finland 85 5 Sweden 85 6 Canada 83 7 Netherlands 82 8 United Kingdom 81 9 Singapore 80 10 Australia 77 11 Belgium 76 12 Norway 75 13 Austria 75 14 Germany 72 15 Hong Kong SAR 70 16 New Zealand 70 17 France 69 18 Ireland 69 19 Israel 66 20 Japan 66 21 Taiwan-China 64 22 Korea 60 23 Czech Republic 60 24 Spain 59 25 Portugal 58 26 Slovenia 57 27 Malaysia 55 28 Saudi Arabia 55 29 Italy 54 30 Hungary 53 31 Chile 51 32 Poland 51 33 Russian Federation 50 34 China 48 35 Greece 48 36 Slovakia 47 37 Serbia 46 38 Argentina 45 39 South Africa 45 40 Brazil 45 41 Ukraine 44 42 Romania 44 43 Bulgaria 42 44 Mexico 42 45 Croatia 42 46 Thailand 40 47 Iran 39 48 Indonesia 39 49 Turkey 38 50 India 38 Connectivity
Rank Country Score 1 Switzerland 100 2 Austria 90 3 Sweden 89 4 Denmark 87 5 United Kingdom 84 6 Singapore 83 7 Finland 82 8 Netherlands 81 9 Belgium 81 10 New Zealand 76 11 Canada 75 12 United States 75 13 Australia 75 14 Germany 72 15 Hong Kong SAR 70 16 Norway 69 17 Ireland 66 18 France 65 19 Czech Republic 64 20 Hungary 59 21 Israel 55 22 Japan 54 23 Slovenia 53 24 Taiwan-China 52 25 Portugal 52 26 South Africa 52 27 Spain 51 28 Italy 49 29 Korea 48 30 Saudi Arabia 47 31 Indonesia 47 32 Malaysia 46 33 Greece 45 34 Slovakia 42 35 Chile 41 36 Bulgaria 41 37 Thailand 38 38 Croatia 38 39 Romania 36 40 Russian Federation 34 41 Ukraine 33 42 Argentina 33 43 Mexico 32 44 Poland 32 45 Serbia 30 46 Brazil 27 47 China 27 48 Turkey 25 49 India 24 50 Iran 22 Environment
Rank Country Score 1 United States 100 2 Hong Kong SAR 100 3 Finland 99 4 Netherlands 98 5 New Zealand 94 6 Australia 93 7 Belgium 93 8 United Kingdom 92 9 Singapore 92 10 Romania 91 11 Poland 90 12 Norway 90 13 Chile 89 14 Taiwan-China 89 15 Malaysia 89 16 Ireland 87 17 Switzerland 86 18 France 86 19 Japan 85 20 Sweden 85 21 Mexico 84 22 Czech Republic 84 23 Austria 84 24 China 84 25 Russian Federation 84 26 Thailand 84 27 Portugal 83 28 Indonesia 83 29 Germany 82 30 Slovenia 81 31 Denmark 81 32 Spain 80 33 Canada 80 34 Israel 80 35 Slovakia 79 36 Hungary 76 37 Brazil 76 38 Bulgaria 76 39 Argentina 75 40 Serbia 75 41 South Africa 74 42 Italy 73 43 Korea 72 44 Croatia 69 45 Iran 69 46 Ukraine 68 47 India 68 48 Saudi Arabia 64 49 Turkey 63 50 Greece 51 Output
Rank Country Score 1 United States 100 2 United Kingdom 70 3 Canada 63 4 Denmark 62 5 Switzerland 61 6 Sweden 61 7 Australia 61 8 Finland 60 9 Netherlands 59 10 Israel 57 11 Germany 56 12 Belgium 54 13 Japan 53 14 Norway 53 15 France 51 16 Singapore 50 17 Ireland 49 18 New Zealand 48 19 Korea 48 20 Austria 47 21 Taiwan-China 45 22 Spain 44 23 Hong Kong SAR 43 24 Italy 42 25 China 41 26 Portugal 39 27 Slovenia 39 28 Russian Federation 38 29 Greece 38 30 Czech Republic 35 31 Hungary 34 32 Poland 32 33 Slovakia 29 34 Brazil 28 35 Saudi Arabia 28 36 Argentina 27 37 Chile 27 38 South Africa 25 39 Croatia 25 40 Bulgaria 25 41 Serbia 25 42 Turkey 25 43 Iran 24 44 Malaysia 23 45 Ukraine 23 46 Romania 21 47 India 20 48 Thailand 19 49 Mexico 18 50 Indonesia 14 Resources
Rank Country Score 1 Denmark 100 2 Canada 100 3 Singapore 94 4 Sweden 93 5 Switzerland 92 6 Finland 91 7 United States 85 8 Saudi Arabia 83 9 Norway 82 10 Netherlands 79 11 Austria 76 12 Malaysia 73 13 Belgium 67 14 Hong Kong SAR 67 15 Germany 65 16 France 65 17 Ireland 65 18 Australia 65 19 Korea 62 20 Taiwan-China 61 21 Israel 58 22 Czech Republic 57 23 Serbia 57 24 Japan 56 25 Portugal 55 26 United Kingdom 55 27 New Zealand 55 28 Ukraine 54 29 Spain 54 30 Chile 51 31 Slovenia 50 32 Greece 50 33 Poland 47 34 Brazil 45 35 Argentina 45 36 Italy 43 37 Hungary 43 38 Iran 42 39 India 41 40 Russian Federation 39 41 Slovakia 39 42 Mexico 38 43 Turkey 37 44 Croatia 34 45 Romania 33 46 South Africa 31 47 China 31 48 Bulgaria 27 49 Thailand 24 50 Indonesia 21 -
- Year
- 2014
Overall
Rank Country Score 1 United States 100.0 2 Sweden 86.7 3 Denmark 82.9 4 Canada 82.9 5 Finland 82.2 6 Switzerland 81.5 7 Netherlands 80.4 8 United Kingdom 79.2 9 Australia 78.0 10 Singapore 76.3 11 Norway 75.0 12 Austria 73.7 13 Belgium 73.1 14 Germany 71.1 15 Hong Kong SAR 70.6 16 New Zealand 70.4 17 Ireland 69.7 18 France 68.7 19 Israel 68.5 20 Japan 64.9 21 Korea 61.6 22 Taiwan- China 61.3 23 Spain 61.1 24 Portugal 60.3 25 Slovenia 59.6 26 Czech Republic 58.2 27 Italy 53.7 28 Malaysia 53.4 29 Hungary 52.5 30 Saudi Arabia 52.4 31 Poland 50.8 32 Greece 50.3 33 Chile 49.1 34 Serbia 48.7 35 China 48.6 36 Russian Federation 48.6 37 Slovakia 47.9 38 Brazil 46.1 39 Romania 45.4 40 Bulgaria 45.0 41 Argentina 44.9 42 Thailand 43.9 43 Ukraine 43.9 44 Croatia 43.7 45 South Africa 43.4 46 Mexico 42.6 47 Turkey 39.1 48 Indonesia 38.5 49 Iran 37.8 50 India 36.8 Connectivity
Rank Country Score 1 Switzerland 100 2 Sweden 98 3 United Kingdom 91 4 Denmark 90 5 Singapore 89 6 Austria 88 7 Hong Kong SAR 88 8 Australia 88 9 Netherlands 84 10 Canada 80 11 Finland 78 12 Belgium 77 13 New Zealand 76 14 Germany 76 15 United States 74 16 Israel 72 17 Norway 70 18 Ireland 69 19 Czech Republic 66 20 France 66 21 Hungary 62 22 South Africa 61 23 Spain 60 24 Slovenia 60 25 Indonesia 58 26 Portugal 57 27 Italy 56 28 Saudi Arabia 56 29 Taiwan-China 56 30 Thailand 54 31 Japan 54 32 Korea 51 33 Greece 49 34 Slovakia 45 35 Malaysia 45 36 Croatia 44 37 Chile 43 38 Bulgaria 41 39 Serbia 40 40 Mexico 39 41 Argentina 37 42 Romania 36 43 Brazil 33 44 Ukraine 31 45 Turkey 30 46 China 30 47 Poland 30 48 Russian Fed 28 49 India 24 50 Iran 23 Environment
Rank Country Score 1 Netherlands 100 2 New Zealand 99 3 United States 99 4 Hong Kong SAR 98 5 Belgium 97 6 Finland 97 7 Poland 96 8 Australia 95 9 Bulgaria 93 10 Sweden 92 11 Singapore 92 12 Czech Republic 92 13 Romania 92 14 France 91 15 Portugal 91 16 United Kingdom 91 17 Norway 90 18 Slovenia 90 19 Taiwan-China 90 20 Ireland 89 21 Japan 89 22 Israel 89 23 Austria 89 24 Slovakia 89 25 Chile 88 26 Malaysia 88 27 Serbia 86 28 China 85 29 Russian Fed 85 30 Thailand 85 31 Mexico 85 32 Spain 84 33 Canada 83 34 Germany 83 35 Switzerland 83 36 Denmark 83 37 Indonesia 82 38 Argentina 82 39 Korea 81 40 Brazil 80 41 Hungary 78 42 Italy 76 43 Ukraine 75 44 Iran 73 45 Croatia 72 46 South Africa 72 47 India 70 48 Turkey 70 49 Greece 67 50 Saudi Arabia 64 Output
Rank Country Score 1 United States 100 2 United Kingdom 63 3 Canada 61 4 Sweden 58 5 Finland 58 6 Australia 56 7 Denmark 56 8 Switzerland 55 9 Netherlands 53 10 Germany 53 11 Japan 51 12 Norway 51 13 Belgium 48 14 Israel 48 15 New Zealand 47 16 Ireland 47 17 France 47 18 Korea 46 19 Singapore 45 20 Taiwan-China 43 21 Austria 43 22 Spain 41 23 Hong Kong SAR 40 24 Slovenia 39 25 China 39 26 Italy 36 27 Portugal 36 28 Russian Fed 35 29 Greece 35 30 Czech Republic 33 31 Hungary 32 32 Poland 31 33 Brazil 27 34 Slovakia 27 35 Croatia 26 36 Bulgaria 25 37 Chile 24 38 Ukraine 24 39 Serbia 23 40 Argentina 23 41 Turkey 23 42 Iran 22 43 South Africa 21 44 Malaysia 21 45 Romania 20 46 Saudi Arabia 20 47 Thailand 19 48 India 18 49 Mexico 16 50 Indonesia 11 Resources
Rank Country Score 1 Denmark 100 2 Canada 100 3 Sweden 95 4 United States 91 5 Finland 91 6 Norway 86 7 Switzerland 86 8 Saudi Arabia 84 9 Singapore 83 10 Netherlands 82 11 Austria 79 12 Malaysia 74 13 Ireland 70 14 Belgium 68 15 France 67 16 Australia 66 17 Germany 65 18 Korea 62 19 Hong Kong SAR 61 20 Israel 61 21 United Kingdom 59 22 Portugal 59 23 New Zealand 57 24 Spain 57 25 Japan 55 26 Serbia 53 27 Taiwan-China 53 28 Ukraine 50 29 Slovenia 49 30 Poland 48 31 Chile 48 32 Greece 48 33 Czech Republic 46 34 Brazil 46 35 Italy 44 36 Russian Fed 43 37 Argentina 42 38 Romania 42 39 Mexico 42 40 India 41 41 Hungary 40 42 Iran 36 43 Turkey 36 44 Croatia 34 45 Slovakia 34 46 China 33 47 Thailand 27 48 South Africa 26 49 Bulgaria 26 50 Indonesia 16 -
- Year
- 2013
Overall
Rank Country Score 1 United States 100.0 2 Sweden 85.2 3 Switzerland 81.6 4 Canada 80.0 5 Denmark 79.8 6 Finland 79.4 7 Netherlands 78.2 8 Australia 77.2 9 Singapore 76.6 10 United Kingdom 74.9 11 Austria 71.8 12 Norway 71.8 13 Belgium 71.0 14 New Zealand 69.7 15 Germany 68.2 16 Hong Kong SAR 67.6 17 France 67.6 18 Ireland 66.8 19 Israel 63.8 20 Spain 60.5 21 Japan 59.6 22 Portugal 59.1 23 Slovenia 58.4 24 Korea 57.6 25 Czech Republic 56.7 26 Taiwan 56.0 27 Malaysia 52.4 28 Saudi Arabia 52.3 29 Italy 52.1 30 Poland 51.9 31 Greece 50.5 32 Serbia 50.0 33 Russian Federation 49.5 34 Hungary 49.2 35 Chile 49.0 36 Ukraine 49.0 37 Slovakia 47.9 38 Bulgaria 47.7 39 Romania 47.5 40 Argentina 45.8 41 Brazil 45.6 42 China 44.5 43 Mexico 42.8 44 Croatia 39.2 45 Turkey 38.9 46 South Africa 38.1 47 Thailand 37.9 48 Iran 37.2 49 India 36.3 50 Indonesia 35.3 Connectivity
Rank Country Score 1 Switzerland 100 2 Australia 97 3 Singapore 94 4 Sweden 93 5 Austria 90 6 Hong Kong SAR 86 7 United Kingdom 81 8 Netherlands 77 9 New Zealand 73 10 United States 72 11 Denmark 71 12 Belgium 69 13 Germany 66 14 Norway 65 15 Czech Republic 64 16 Canada 63 17 Spain 63 18 Slovenia 61 19 France 60 20 Finland 60 21 Portugal 58 22 Ireland 55 23 Slovakia 54 24 South Africa 54 25 Indonesia 53 26 Italy 53 27 Ukraine 51 28 Saudi Arabia 48 29 Hungary 48 30 Israel 47 31 Romania 46 32 Serbia 45 33 Bulgaria 43 34 Chile 42 35 Russian Federation 41 36 Argentina 41 37 Malaysia 40 38 Greece 40 39 Thailand 38 40 Brazil 38 41 Mexico 38 42 Poland 30 43 Japan 28 44 Turkey 27 45 Croatia 25 46 Taiwan 24 47 Korea 22 48 India 16 49 Iran 14 50 China 12 Environment
Rank Country Score 1 Netherlands 100 2 New Zealand 99 3 United States 99 4 Poland 97 5 Belgium 97 6 Hong Kong SAR 97 7 Finland 96 8 Australia 96 9 Bulgaria 96 10 Sweden 93 11 Czech Republic 93 12 Singapore 92 13 United Kingdom 91 14 France 90 15 Taiwan 90 16 Romania 90 17 Norway 90 18 Japan 89 19 Portugal 89 20 Slovakia 89 21 Israel 89 22 Slovenia 88 23 Austria 88 24 Ireland 88 25 Malaysia 87 26 Chile 87 27 Serbia 85 28 Mexico 85 29 China 85 30 Canada 84 31 Russian Federation 84 32 Thailand 84 33 Argentina 84 34 Denmark 83 35 Spain 83 36 Korea 82 37 Switzerland 82 38 Germany 82 39 Indonesia 81 40 Brazil 80 41 Hungary 77 42 Ukraine 75 43 Italy 74 44 Iran 73 45 India 71 46 Croatia 70 47 Turkey 70 48 Greece 68 49 Saudi Arabia 64 50 South Africa 63 Output
Rank Country Score 1 United States 100 2 United Kingdom 63 3 Canada 60 4 Sweden 57 5 Finland 57 6 Switzerland 57 7 Australia 56 8 Denmark 55 9 Germany 53 10 Netherlands 52 11 Norway 49 12 Israel 49 13 New Zealand 49 14 Japan 48 15 France 47 16 Belgium 47 17 Korea 46 18 Singapore 45 19 Ireland 45 20 Taiwan 44 21 Austria 42 22 Hong Kong SAR 41 23 Spain 40 24 Slovenia 38 25 Italy 36 26 China 36 27 Portugal 35 28 Greece 34 29 Czech Republic 33 30 Hungary 31 31 Poland 31 32 Russian Federation 27 33 Slovakia 27 34 Brazil 25 35 Ukraine 25 36 Argentina 24 37 Bulgaria 24 38 Croatia 23 39 Chile 23 40 Turkey 22 41 Romania 22 42 Serbia 22 43 Iran 21 44 South Africa 21 45 Saudi Arabia 20 46 Malaysia 19 47 Thailand 19 48 India 18 49 Mexico 17 50 Indonesia 11 Resources
Rank Country Score 1 Denmark 100 2 Canada 97 3 Sweden 96 4 Finland 92 5 United States 91 6 Switzerland 89 7 Saudi Arabia 84 8 Singapore 83 9 Netherlands 83 10 Norway 79 11 Austria 76 12 Ireland 74 13 Malaysia 71 14 Belgium 70 15 France 68 16 Germany 65 17 Australia 64 18 Korea 63 19 Israel 61 20 Portugal 59 21 New Zealand 59 22 Spain 58 23 Hong Kong SAR 58 24 United Kingdom 57 25 Japan 57 26 Serbia 57 27 Greece 56 28 Taiwan 53 29 Chile 52 30 Ukraine 52 31 Russian Federation 50 32 Slovenia 49 33 Poland 49 34 Czech Republic 46 35 Italy 45 36 Hungary 44 37 Romania 43 38 Brazil 42 39 Mexico 42 40 Argentina 41 41 India 41 42 Croatia 38 43 Iran 38 44 Bulgaria 38 45 Turkey 38 46 China 33 47 Slovakia 33 48 South Africa 26 49 Thailand 22 50 Indonesia 17 -
- Year
- 2012
Overall
Rank Country Score 1 United States 100 2 Sweden 84 3 Canada 83 4 Finland 81 5 Switzerland 80 6 Denmark 80 7 Australia 78 8 Netherlands 77 9 Norway 77 10 United Kingdom 77 11 Singapore 76 12 Austria 74 13 Belgium 74 14 New Zealand 73 15 France 71 16 Ireland 70 17 Germany 69 18 Israel 67 19 Japan 64 20 Taiwan 62 21 Korea 60 22 Portugal 60 23 Spain 60 24 Ukraine 59 25 Czech Republic 58 26 Poland 56 27 Slovenia 56 28 Greece 55 29 Italy 54 30 Bulgaria 53 31 Russian Federation 52 32 Romania 51 33 Hungary 51 34 Slovakia 51 35 Malaysia 50 36 Chile 49 37 Argentina 49 38 China 48 39 Brazil 47 40 Thailand 47 41 Iran 46 42 Mexico 45 43 Croatia 45 44 Turkey 44 45 South Africa 43 46 Indonesia 37 47 India 34 Connectivity
Rank Country Score 1 Austria 100 2 Singapore 96 3 Switzerland 96 4 Australia 94 5 New Zealand 83 6 United Kingdom 82 7 France 77 8 Belgium 71 9 Norway 67 10 Sweden 65 11 Ireland 65 12 Denmark 64 13 South Africa 62 14 Germany 60 15 Indonesia 57 16 Canada 55 17 Finland 54 18 Bulgaria 53 19 Netherlands 52 20 Slovakia 51 21 Czech Republic 50 22 Chile 50 23 Portugal 50 24 Hungary 49 25 Argentina 44 26 Israel 43 27 Italy 43 28 Spain 42 29 Greece 41 30 Thailand 40 31 Slovenia 40 32 Ukraine 39 33 Mexico 39 34 Malaysia 38 35 United States 35 36 Russian Federation 34 37 Romania 33 38 Croatia 29 39 Poland 29 40 Japan 29 41 Korea 26 42 Brazil 22 43 Taiwan 21 44 India 19 45 Turkey 17 46 Iran 17 47 China 13 Environment
Rank Country Score 1 Netherlands 100 2 New Zealand 100 3 United States 99 4 Poland 98 5 Belgium 98 6 Australia 98 7 Bulgaria 95 8 Sweden 94 9 Czech Republic 94 10 France 94 11 Finland 93 12 United Kingdom 92 13 Singapore 92 14 Romania 91 15 Taiwan 91 16 Japan 91 17 Slovakia 90 18 Israel 90 19 Portugal 89 20 Ireland 88 21 Austria 87 22 Malaysia 87 23 Norway 86 24 Mexico 85 25 China 85 26 Ukraine 85 27 Canada 84 28 Russian Federation 84 29 Thailand 84 30 Argentina 84 31 Chile 83 32 Switzerland 82 33 Germany 82 34 Spain 82 35 Korea 82 36 Brazil 82 37 Slovenia 81 38 Denmark 81 39 Indonesia 81 40 Hungary 78 41 Italy 74 42 Iran 72 43 Croatia 70 44 India 69 45 South Africa 69 46 Turkey 68 47 Greece 68 Output
Rank Country Score 1 United States 100 2 United Kingdom 62 3 Canada 60 4 Finland 57 5 Sweden 57 6 Denmark 55 7 Australia 54 8 Switzerland 54 9 Germany 53 10 Netherlands 51 11 Japan 49 12 Norway 48 13 Israel 47 14 Belgium 47 15 New Zealand 45 16 Korea 42 17 Ireland 42 18 Austria 42 19 France 41 20 Taiwan 40 21 Singapore 40 22 Spain 39 23 Slovenia 37 24 Italy 37 25 China 34 26 Greece 33 27 Portugal 33 28 Russian Federation 31 29 Czech Republic 31 30 Hungary 30 31 Poland 29 32 Slovakia 26 33 Brazil 25 34 Ukraine 24 35 Argentina 23 36 Bulgaria 23 37 Romania 22 38 Chile 22 39 Croatia 22 40 Turkey 21 41 Iran 20 42 South Africa 19 43 Thailand 18 44 India 16 45 Mexico 16 46 Malaysia 15 47 Indonesia 11 Resources
Rank Country Score 1 Canada 100 2 Denmark 97 3 Sweden 94 4 United States 92 5 Norway 92 6 Finland 89 7 Switzerland 87 8 Singapore 82 9 Netherlands 80 10 Ukraine 76 11 Austria 75 12 Ireland 72 13 Belgium 69 14 France 67 15 Israel 64 16 Germany 63 17 Taiwan 63 18 Australia 63 19 Greece 63 20 Korea 60 21 New Zealand 60 22 Portugal 58 23 Malaysia 58 24 Spain 58 25 Iran 57 26 United Kingdom 56 27 Turkey 53 28 Japan 52 29 Poland 49 30 Slovenia 48 31 Italy 47 32 Croatia 47 33 Romania 47 34 Czech Republic 47 35 Russian Federation 43 36 Brazil 42 37 Thailand 42 38 Chile 41 39 Mexico 40 40 Hungary 40 41 Argentina 39 42 Bulgaria 38 43 South Africa 35 44 China 33 45 Slovakia 32 46 India 23 47 Indonesia 16